POETICAL  GEOGRAPHY,! 


'ium, 

Vrr7 


H: 


WITH    THE 


RULES  OF  ARITHMETIC  IN  VERSE. 


[View  of  Edfau.] 


The  towns  and  mountains  which  beneath  me  stood, 

And  rivers  rolling  to  the  dark-blue  flood, 

And  isles  and  lakes  as  they  were  spread  to  me, 

I  '11  sing  and  bind  upon  thy  memory : 

Harsh  sounds  in  smooth  unbroken  lines  shall  glide 

As  free  and  easy  as  the  sparkling  tjrln. 


PUBLISHED     AT     CINCINNATI 


PRICE:  TWENTY-FIVK  CENTS. 


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Sold  by  Subscription,  and  not  to  be  obtained  at  any  Bookstore  in  the  TJ.  S. 

^^^^^^^^^^^'^^^^ 


m 


m 


ztw/ 


University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


THE  PETER  AND  ROSELL  HARVEY 
MEMORIAL  FUND 


THE 


POETICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


DESIGNED     TO     ACCOMPANT 


OUTLINE  MAPS  OB  SCHOOL  ATLASES. 


TO  WHICH  ARE  ADDED  THE  RULES  OF  ARITHMETIC  IN  RHYME. 


BYOEORGE    VAN    WATE.RS. 


The  towns  and  mountains  which  beneath  me  stood, 

And  rivers  rolling  to  the  dark-blue  flood, 

And  isles  and  lakes  as  they  were  spread  to  me, 

I  '11  sing  and  bind  upon  thy  memory : 

Haish  sounds  in  smooth  unbroken  lines  shall  glide 

As  tree  and  easy  as  the  sparkling  tide. 


PUBLISHED    AT     CINCINNATI. 

AND  SOLD  BY  AGENTS  ONLY. 

1853. 


To  those  who  have  not  the  time  to  turn  over  a  large  volume,  who  are  not  preju 
diced  against  improvements  in  science  and  literature,  who  would  learn  the  leading 
features  of  a  very  difficult  branch  and  keep  it  in  the  memory,  who  have  a  relish  for 
the  novel,  and  a  curiosity  to  know  some  of  the  most  important  and  striking  charac 
teristics  of  nature  and  art ;  in  a  word,  all  unprejudiced  and  generous  minds,  to 
such,  this  work  is  respectfully  dedicated  and  inscribed  by  their 

Humble  Servant, 

THE  AUTHOR, 
who  has  spared  neither  time  nor  labor  to  make  it  useful  and  interesting. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1849,  by 

GEORGE  VAN  WATERS, 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the  District  of  Ohio. 


PREFACE 


ONE  of  the  extravagances  of  authors,  is,  in  flattering  themselves  that  their  own  productions 
are  superior  to  those  of  their  rivals,  and  many,  to  make  it  appear  more  obvious  than  it  may  be, 
essay  to  turn  the  public  favor  from  their  competitor's  merits,  by  defects  real  or  pretended,  which 
they  are  careful  to  exhibit ;  presenting  their  own  at  the  same  time,  in  their  most  brilliant  colors. 

But,  avoiding  this  extreme,  the  Author  of  this  work  would  ask  leave  only  to  show  the  need 
and  worth  of  a  rhyming  system,  in  securing  a  knowledge  of  the  branch  here  treated  of,  and 
leave  others  to  decide  how  far  he  has  succeeded  in  the  formation  of  such. 

That  proper  names  are  more  difficult  to  retain  in  the  memory,  than  common,  is  almost 
superfluous  to  mention.  In  acquiring  general  terms,  or  in  the  study  of  language,  the  continual 
repetition  of  the  same  words,  and  our  familiarity  with,  the  subjects  to  which  they  are  applied, 
renders  it  less  difficult  to  the  memory,  than  in  learning  proper  names  that  are  fixed  to 
denote  one  thing  only,  and  never  occur  unless  the  objects  or  things  for  which  they  stand  are 
particularized. 

Geography  is  a  branch  that  is  studied  by  nearly  all — but  how  few  among  the  vast  number, 
who  spend  years  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  it,  ever  retain  or  remember  it. 

But  the  defect  is  not  to  be  attributed  to  the  works  studied,  but  to  the  poverty  of  memory ; 
the  retentive  powers  of  the  mjnd  are  not  endowed  with  energies  competent  to  the  task  of 
sustaining  so  cumbrous  a  load ;  some  mechanical  aid  is  requisite,  and  hence  the  utility  of  a 
work  of  the  present  kind. 

The  author  has  endeavored  to  circumscribe  in  as  small  a  space  as  possible,  the  matter  here 
presented,  and  by  so  doing,  has  sacrificed  ornament  to  brevity,  which  is  the  leading  characteristic 
of  the  work. 

From  the  different  pronunciations  that  names  admit  of,  and  the  unsettled  difference  among 
the  learned  and  unlearned,  as  to  their  correct  orthoepy,  the  manner  of  pronunciation  here,  may 
by  many,  be  deemed  imperfect,  and  by  a  different  pronunciation,  render  many  of  the  lines 
prosaic  and  disproportionate  in  measure,  which  will  doubtless  be  an  objection  offered  to  the 
reception  of  the  work ;  but  such  an  objection  would  be  unjust  and  unwarrantable  ;  it  would  be 
utterly  impossible  to  establish  a  system  of  orthoepy,  which  would  be  sanctioned  by  all.  That 
of  the  present  work  is  founded  principally  on  the  authority  of  Baldwin,  Worcester,  and  Morse — 
and  if  theirs  be  adhered  to,  no  irregularities  of  sound  or  quantity  will  be  discernible. 

The  following,  from  Joseph  E.  Worcester,  will  serve  to  show  the  impossibility  of  establishing 
a  uniform  system  of  pronunciation  of  foreign  names,  and  also,  the  high  claims  of  Common 
Custom  (and  it  might  be  said  with  propriety,  "  Common  Sense"),  in  settling  this  matter. 

"  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  geographical  names,  which  assume  such  different  forms  in 
different  languages,  should  be  pronounced  differently  by  the  inhabitants  of  different  countries, 
and  in  accordance  with  the  analogies  of  their  respective  languages.  All  the  common  geograph 
ical  names,  such  as  are  familiar  to  all  intelligent  persons,  have  become  more  or  less  Anglicized, 
and  their  pronunciation  is  more  or  less  conformed  to  the  English  analogy.  Many  of  these 
words  may  be  considered  as  perfectly  Anglicized,  and  are  pronounced  as  common  English 
words ;  but  there  are  many  that  are  only  partially  Anglicized,  and  with  regard  to  such,  it  is 
often  difficult  to  determine  how  far,  in  pronouncing  them,  the  English  analogy  should  be 
allowed  to  prevail. 

"  With  respect  to  the  class  of  words  which  are  partially  Anglicized,  there  is  a  great  diversity 
in  the  manner  of  pronouncing  them.  Some  respectable  speakers  incline  to  pronounce  them,  for 
the  most  part,  according  to  the  English  analogy,  while  others  aspire  to  pronounce  them  as  they 
are  pronounced  in  the  several  languages  to  which  they  appertain ;  and  there  are  many  cases 
in  which  it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  is  most  to  be  approved,  the  English  or  foreign  method  ; 
but  a  medium  between  the  two  extremes  may  be  regarded  generally  as  a  judicious  course.'* 


SAN  FRANCISCO  IN  1848. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  IN  1849. 


AWAY  into  a  grove  young  Alva  strayed, 
His  task  to  learn  beneath  the  cooling  shade ; 
Before  him  lay  an  Atlas  open  wide, 
Where  towns  and  mountains  stood  on  every  side ; 
Long  on  its  page  his  studious  mind  was  placed, 
But  dark  Forgetfulness  each  name  defaced  ; 
At  length  discouraged,  sorrow  o'er  him  press'd, 
And  a  deep  sigh  came  from  his  laboring  breast, 
When  lo !  a  seraph  stood  before  his  face, 
And  beamed  with  radiance  of  celestial  grace ; 
In  his  right  hand  a  golden  lyre  he  held, 
And  'mid  ambrosial  clouds  poised  o'er  the  field ; 
The  astonished  boy  could  scarce  his  presence  brook, 
While  the  fair  Spirit  thus  his  errand  spoke : 

"  I  am  a  traveler,  on  my  aerial  way, 
Across  the  gulf  of  vast  immensity 
I  speed  my  course,  and  in  a  moment  pass, 
From  star  to  star — from  world  to  universe. 
Creation's  furthest  skirts  I  have  beheld, 
And  marshalled  o'er  her  wide  unbounded  field  ; 
And  when  I  winged  the  vast  profound  of  space, 
This  world  remote  reared  up  her  clayey  face ; 
With  rapid  flight,  upon  extended  oars 
I  came  and  circled  round  her  terrene  shores — 
All  I  beheld — but  ere  I  passed  away 
To  other  worlds,  I  cast  mine  eyes  on  thee. 
I  saw  the  tear  roll  from  thy  sparkling  eye, 
And  why  it  rolled,  I  need  not  ask  thee  why  ; 


(.v) 


vi  INTRODUCTION. 


I  've  come,  my  boy,  to  wipe  the  falling  tears, 

And  give  an  opiate  for  thy  grief  and  fears  : 

The  towns  and  mountains  which  beneath  me  stood, 

And  rivers  rolling  to  the  dark-blue  flood, 

And  isles  and  lakes  as  they  were  spread  to  me, 

I  '11  sing  and  bind  upon  thy  memory: 

Harsh  sounds  in  smooth  unbroken  lines  shall  glide 

As  free  and  easy  as  the  sparkling  tide. 

When  first  I  launched  me  down  the  ethereal  sky, 
Columbia's  shores  were  spread  before  mine  eye 
In  dusky  features,  for  the  orb  of  day 
Blazed  on  the  antipodes,  the  other  way, 
And  the  pale  moon,  fair  empress  of  the  night, 
Sat  veiled  in  glory,  on  her  chariot  bright. 
And  now  of  that,  which  lay  beneath  my  wing, 
Harp,  raise  thine  airs,  and  aid  me  as  I  sing." 
Thus  having  said,  he  struck  his  heavenly  lyre, 
And  sang  in  accents  of  celestial  fire. 


THE 


POETICAL-GEOGRAPHY 


I. -GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS 


Geography. 

The  surface  of  the  Earth,  with  all  its  tribes, 
Of  sea  and  land,  Geography  describes. 

Tbe  Earth. 

This  Earth  is  but  a  mighty  ball  profound, 
Just  five  and  twenty  thousand  miles  around  : 
One  fourth  the  surface  of  this  globe  is  land  ; 
Three  fourths  are  water,  as  you  understand. 


Prose  Definitions. 

GEOGRAPHY — Geography  is  a  description  of  the 

earth's  surface. 

The  earth  is  a  lar»e  ball,  the  diameter  of  which  is  eight  thou 
sand  miles,  and  the  circumference,  or  distance  around  it,  twenty- 
five  thousand. 

One  fourth  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  is  land,  and  the  other 
three  fourths  water. 

The  earth  is  one  of  the  planets  that  revolve  around  the  sun;' 
which  circuit  it  performs  once  in  a  year.  It  turns  round  upon 
its  axi-s  once  in  twenty  four  hours.  Its  distance  from  the  sun  IB 
ninety  five  millions  of  miles. 


II. -DIVISIONS    OF    LAND. 


Divisions. 

Of  land,  and  its  divisions,  read  the  stoiies ; 
Peninsulas,  Continents,  Islands,  Promontories, 
And  Isthmuses  and  Capes,  and  Mountains  high, 
Volcanoes,  Sliores,  and  De&erts,  wet  and  dry. 

The  Land   is  divided  into  Continents,  Islands, 

I'romoutories,  Isthmuses,  Capes,  Mountains,  Volcanoes,  Shores, 
Deserts,  &.c 

The  surface  of  land,  to  the  surface  of  water,  is  1  to  4 ;  but 
the  c-.toic  proportions  are  unknown. 


Continents. 

A  Continent  is  a  vast  extent  of  land, 

Where  rivers  run  and  boundless  plains  expand ; 

Where  mountains  rise — where  towns  and  cities  grow, 

And  nations  live,  and  all  their  care  bestow. 

Two  continents  only,  on  this  globe  are  seen — 

Eastern  and  Western,  are  their  names  (I  ween)  ; 

The  Eastern  Continent,  we  see,  divide 

In  Europe,  Africa,  and  Asia  wide. 

The  Western  Continent  we  next  behold, 

Where  North  and  South  America  unfold. 


(7) 


8 


POETICAT     GEOGRAPHY. 


A    Continent  is   a  vast  extent    of    land,  not 

divided  l»y  water. 

There  are  two  contir.eus — the  Eastern  and  Western.  The 
Knstern  Continent  comprises  Kurope,  Asia.  :iml  Africa.  The 
Western  Continent  comprises  North  and  South  America. 

Islands. 

Islands,  upon  all  sides,  the  waves  surround ; 
In  rivers,  lakes,  and  seas,  anil  oceans  found. 
An  Island  is  a  portion  of  land,  surrounded  by 

wati-r;  as,  Long  Island,  Isle  of  France,  Isle  of  Man.  Iceland, 
Ireland,  &c. 

Peninsulas. 

A  Peninsula,  the  dark  sea  wave  entwines, 
Save  by  some  neck  that  to  the  main  land  joins. 
A  narrow  portion  of  land,  extending  into  the 

tea,  is  called  a  Peninsula;  as,  Malacca,  California,  &c. 

Mountains. 

Mountains  are  high  and  elevated  land, 
That  riserf  o'er  the  province,  dark  and  grand. 
A  Mountain  is  a  high  elevation  of  land,  that 

rises  above  the  surrounding  country;  a«,  Mount  Sinai,  Mount 
Holyoke,  the  White  Mountains,  ftc.  The  top  of  a  mountain  is 
called  the  summit;  the  bottom  is  the  foot,  or  base.  When  the 
land  rises  to  a  small  higlit.  it  is  called  a  Mil.  The  space  between 
two  hills  or  mountains  is  called  a  valley. 

When  the  land  is  flat  and  level,  it  is  called  a  plain.  Exten 
sive  plains  are  called, in  the  United  States,  prairies;  as,  Rock 
Prairie,  in  Rock  county,  Wisconsin.  In  South  America,  they 
are  called  pampas  or  lianas.  In  Asia,  steppes  ;  as,  the  Steppes 
of  Is*im,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Siberia. 

Valleys. 

Valleys  are  spaces  'tween  the  mountains  spread, 
Safe  from  the  storm  that  scathes  the  mountain's  head. 


Valleys  are  spaces  between  mountains,  or  hills. 

Thr.y  are  sometimes  called  video. 

Volcanoes. 

Volcanoes,  from  their  craters,  vomit  fire, 
And  smoke  and  lava,  in  a  stream,  most  dire. 

Volcanoes   are  mountains  that  send  forth  fire 

and  smoke  from  their  top*,  and  sometimes  melted  stones.  The 
opiMiinjjf  in  the  lop.  is  called  the  cralrr.  The  discharge  or 
melted  matter,  is  called  au  emotion.  The  matte'  thrown  out, 
is  called  lava. 

Capes. 

A  point  of  land  extending  in  the  sea, 
Is  called  a  Cape ;  as  Gape  Romania. 

Promontories. 

When  high  above  the  waves,  or  dark  seas  hoary, 
The  proud  Cape  hangs,  'tis  called  a  Pronwntury. 

A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  the 

sea ;  ss  Cape  Horn.  Cape  Ann,  &.c. 
A  high  Cape  is  a  Promontory. 

Deserts. 

* 

A  Desert  is  a  vast  and  sandy  plain, 
Where  sweeps  the  simoom  and  the  hurricane, 
Where  vegetation  neither  grows  nor  thrives, 
Where  nothing  finds  repose,  and  no  one  lives. 

A  Desert  is  a  vast  and  sandy  plain,  destitute  of 

vegetation;  as  Sahara  :r  Africa,  Attacama  in  South  America. 
A  fertile  spot  in  a  Desert  is  called  an  Oasis;  as  the  (>as:3 
of  Fezzan  in   Sahara.    These  Oases  in  the  Deserts  serve  as 
resting  places  for  caravai  s  thai  cross  them. 


III.  — DIVISIONS    OF    WATER. 


The  Water  next,  of  this  great  globe  we  mention, 

Of  Seas  and  Oceans  first,  of  vast  extension, 

Then  Archipelagoes,  and  Gulfs,  and  Bays, 

And  Lakes  and  Chimneb,  next  the  eye  surveys, 

And  Suunda,  and  Friths,  and  Koudf,  and  H'trbors  too, 

With  Rivtn  rolling  to  the  dark  seas  blue. 

The  Water  is  divided  into  Oceans,  Seas,  Gulfs, 

Bays,  Archipelagoes,  Lukes,  Channels, Straits,  Harbors.  Uosids, 
Havens,  i.c. 

Oceans. 


An  Ocean  is  a  vast  extent  of  brine, 
Or  salt  sea  water,  boundless  and  sublime. 
An  Ocean  is  a  vast  extent  of  salt  water  not 

separated  by  land ;  as  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Ocean  goes  by  different  names,  as  the  Mam,  bea,  iwep, 
Br.ne,  &.C. 


Seas. 

Seas  are  large  bodies  of  the  briny  tide, 
By  land  encircled  round  on  every  side. 
A  Sea  is  a  collection  of  salt  water  surrounded 

by  land ;  as  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Archipelagoes. 

A  Sea  filled  full  of  Islands,  well  you  know, 
Is  always  called  an  Archipelago. 

A  Sea  filled  full  of  Islands  is  called  an  Archi 
pelago;  as  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 

Gulfs,  or  Hays. 

A  Gulf  or  Bay,  is  when  the  waves  expand 
To  wide  extent,  encroaching  on  the  land. 
When  the  sea,  or  water  extends  up  into  the 

land,  it  i»  railed  a  Gulf  <»r  Bay;    as  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  «Sc.c. 

Lakes. 

Lakes  are  fresh  water  Seas,  and  always  found, 
By  land  compassed  upon  all  sides  around.. 
A  Lake  is  a  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land, 

the  same  as  a  sea,  only  that  the  water  is  fresh  instead  of  salt' 
as  Luke  Erie. 


DIVISIONS    OF    WATER. 


9 


Straits. 

A  narrow  passage,  like  a  door  or  gate, 
That  leads  into  some  sea,  is  called  a  Strait. 

A  passage  of  water  that  leads  between  two  seas, 

or  bodies  of  water,  is  called  a  Strait ;  as  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
between  South  America  and  the  Island  of  Terra  del  Fuego. 


Channels. 

A  Channel  is  a  strait  that  opens  wide ; 

As  the  English  CItannel,  where  proud  navies  ride. 

A   Channel   is  a  wide  strait ;   aa  the  English 

Channel. 

Sounds. 

A  Strait  so  shallow  that  its  depth  is  found, 
By  lead  or  anchor,  oft  is  called  a  sound. 

When  a  strait  is  so  shallow  that  its  depth  can 

be  measured  by  a  lead  and  line,  it  is  called  a  Sound. 


Rivers. 

Rivers  are  streams,  by  numerous  branches  formed. 
That  from  the  highlands  to  the  seas  are  turned. 

A  River  is  a  large  stream  of  water,  formed  by 

numerous  branches,  that  empties  into  some  sea.  gulf,  lake  or  bay. 
The  place  where  a  river  rises,  is  called  its  source ;  the  place 
where  it  empties  is  called  its  mouth.    The  small  streams  that 
empty  into  it  are  called  its  branches. 

Firths. 

A  River  wid'ning  'tween  its  banks  of  earth, 
Towards  its  mouth,  is  called  a  Frith  or  Firth. 

The  widening  of  a  river  toward  its  mouth,  is 

called  a  Frith  or  Firth;  as  Solway  Frith  in  Scotland;  the  Firth 
of  the  River  Forth. 

Harbors  or  Havens. 

A  Harbor  or  a  Haven,  is  a  port, 

Where  ships  in  safety,  from  the  storm  resort, 

A  Harbor  or  Haven  is  a  port  where  ships  may 

run  in  and  find  shelter  from  the  siunu. 


EXPLANATIONS  NECESSARY  TO  THE  USE  OF  MAPS. 


Hemispheres. 

The  world 's  a  Globe,  the  world  we  live  on  here; 
One  half  a  globe  is  called  a  Hemisphere. 


The  word  hemi 
sphere  is  formed 
from  hemi,  that  sig- 
fies  half,  and  sphere, 
globe  or  ball  ;  so, 
half  the  earth  is 
called  a  hemisphere. 

The  Western 
Hemisphere  in 
cludes  North  and 
South  America. 


Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres  are  found 
Upon  the  Map  that  shows,  the  world  is  round. 
NortJiern  and  Southern  Hemispheres  beside, 
One  North,  one  South  the  Equator  is  espied. 


The  Northern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
eludes  all  that  part 
of  the  earth  North 
of  the  Equator. 


The  Eastern 
Hemisphere  in 
cludes  Europe, 
Asia  and  Africa. 


The  Southern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
eludes  all  South 
of  the  Equator. 


10 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


Tbe  Equator. 


A  circle  drawn  around  the  earth,  and  greater 
Than  any  parallel,  is  called  the  Equator. 
The  Er/uatur  is  a  fancied  line,  that  folds 
Around  the  earth,  half  way  between  the  poles. 
This  cirde  's  called  the  Equinoctial  Line, 
For  when  the  Solar  orb  doth  o'er  it  shine, 
The  days  and  nights  are  equal,  as  the  clocks 
And  watches  all  proclaim  the  Equinox. 

That  part  of  the  earth  which  is  just  half  way 

between  the  North  and  South  poles,  or  equally  distant  from  the 
poles,  is  called  the  Equator.  It  is  the  warmest  part  of  the 
Earth,  as  the  sun's  rays  are  more  direct  on  this  portion  than 
any  other.  It  is  called  by  manners  simply,  the  Line. 

Tropics. 

Tropics  are  circles  that  restrict  the  sun, 
Which  with  the  equator  parallel  doth  run, 
Just  twenty-three  and  a  half  degrees  they  shine 
Both  North  and  South  the  Equatorial  line. 


The  North  is  Cancer  called,  South  Capricorn, 
For  here  the  sun  doth  in  his  pathway  turn. 
And  backward  trace  his  steps ;  these  circles  show 
The  limits  of  the  solar  orb  below. 

Tropics  are  circles  that  run  parallel  with  the 

Equator,  at  the  distance  of  twenty  three  and  a  half  degrees 
North  and  South  of  it.  The  circle  North  of  the  Kquator,  is 
called  the  Tropic  of  Cancer.  The  one  South  of  the  Equator,  is 
called  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

Tropic  signifies  return ;  for  when  the  sun  arrives  as  far  from 
the  Equator  as  miner  of  these  lines,  it  appears  to  stop  and 
retrace  its  steps. 

The  sun  crosses  the  Equator  twice  a  year;  on  the  21st  of 
March  and  the  21  st  of  September. 

It  is  over  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  the  21st  of  June;  which  is 
called  the  Summer  Solstice.  This  is  the  longest  day  in  the 
year,  to  all  North  of  the  Equator,  and  the  shortest  to  all  South 
of  it 

The  sun  is  over  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  the  Stst.of  Decem 
ber;  this  is  called  the  Winter  Solstice.  It  is  the  shortcut  day  in 
the  year,  to  all  North  of  the  Equator,  and  the  longest  to  all 
South  of  it 

Polar  Circles*. 

And  of  the  Polar  Circles  now  I'll  tell : 

They  with  the  Tropics  are  found  parallel; 

Just  twenty  three,  one  half,  and  nothing  less  (23^), 

Aloof  the  Poles; — these,  in  degrees,  t  guess. 

The  Polar  Circles  are  parallel  with  the  Tropics, 

and  23|  degrees  from  the  Poles.  This,  in  geographic  miles, 
would  be  1410  mi'cs.  the  distance  from  the  Pole  to  ihe  Circle  ; 
twice  this  distance,  or  2820  miles,  is  the  diameter  of  the  Arctic  or 
Antarctic  Circle,  or  the'F rigid  Zones. 

When  the  Sun  \t  over  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  all  that  part 
within  the  Arctic  Ciicle  has  constant  day;  and  all  that  part 
in  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  constant  night.  The  reverse  takes 
place  when  the  Sun  is  over  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  on  the  21st 
of  December. 

At  the  Poles  it  is  day  s;x  months  of  the  year,  without  intermis 
sion  ;  for  this  length  of  time  the  sun  is  visible  above  the  horizon. 
The  other  six  months  of  Lie  year,  it  is  one  dark,  dreary  night. 


Meridians. 

Meridians  run  from  Pole  to  Pole  ('tis  true), 
Cutting  the  Equator,  at  right  angles,  through  ; 
They're  used  to  reckon  distance,  east  and  west, 
And  of  all  other  ways  have  proved  the  best. 


Parallels  of  Latitude. 

Now  Parallels  of  Latitude  we'll  view  : 

They  are  lines  that  pass  nrcund  the  globe  (not  through), 

As  parallel  they  with  the  .Squalor  run, 

Eastward  and  westward  is  the  course  they  turn. 


Meridians 
are,  also,  imagi 
nary  lines, 
drawn  on  the 
Map,  to  reckon 
distance,  east  or 
west,  from  any 
one  of  them. 
They  run  from 
the  North  to  the 
South  Pole. 

All  places 
through  which 
the  same  meri 
dian  passes  have 
noon,  or  mid 
night,  at  the 
same  time. 


Parallels  of 
Latitude  are 
lines  on  the 
Map,  used  to 
reckon  dis 
tances,  north 
or  south,  of  the 
Equator.  * 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


11 


Latitude  and  Longitude. 

Latitude  is  distance  from  the  Equator, 
Either  north  or  south  (let  it  be  less  or  greater); 
The  distance,  east  or  west,  is  Longitude 
From  any  one  meridian,  understood, 
both  hititude  and  longitude  are  reckoned 
In  rninutee  and  degrees,  as  well  as  second*; 
Jost  sixty  geographic  miles  make  a  degree ; 
In  English,  sixty  nine  and  just  a  half  you  see. 

Places  that  are  under  the  Equator  have  no  Lati- 

Utde.  All  places  north  of  ihe  Equator  are  in  North.  Latitude; 
all  places  south  of  the  Equator  are  in  South.  Latitude.  The 
greatest  latitude  a  place  can  have  is  90  degrees.  The  North 
and  South  Poles  of  the  earth  are  the  only  places  that  have  90 
degrees  of  latitude. 

Longitude  is  reckoned  east  ana  west. 

Most  nations  reckon  their  longitude  from  the  metropolis  of 
their  country;  as.  the  French,  from  Paris;  the  English,  from 
Greenwich;' the  Americans,  from  Washington.  Though  the 
Americans  reckon  mostly  from  Greenwich,  the  same  as  the 

English. 

Latitude  and  longitude  are  reckoned  in  degrees,  minutes,  and 
seconds.  Sixty  geographic  miles  (or  sixty  nine  ami  a  half  Eng 
lish  miles),  make  a  degree;  sixty  seconds  make  a  minute; 
sixty  minutes  one  degree. 

Every  circle  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  360  degrees, 
whether  it  be  larger  or  smaller. 

The  distance  round  the  Earth  being  360  degrees,  one  half  of 
that  distance  must  be  180  degrees;  one  quarter, 90  degrees. 

The  greatest  distance  that  any  two  objects  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth  can  be  apart,  is  180  degrees.  To  be  this  distance,  they 
must  be  on  opposite  side*  of  the  earth ;  consequently,  no  place 
caa  have  over  ISO  degrees  of  longitude. 

Zones. 


Zones. 

Zones  are  divisions  of  earth's  surface  ;  made 

By  tropics  and  the  polar  circle's  aid. 

There  axe  five  zones  :  two  temperate  and  one  torrid, 

Two  frigid  zones,  where  winter's  cold  is  horrid. 

Torrid  Zone. 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  'tween  the  tropics  spread, 
Where,  twice  a  year,  the  sun  is  overhead. 

Temperate  Zones. 

The  Temperate  Zones  are  on  those  parts  our  ball, 
Which  'tween  the  polar  curves  and  tropics  fall. 

Frigid  Zones. 

The  Frigid  Zones  include  both  land  sky, 
Of  parts  which  in  the  polar  circles  lie. 

The  Torrid,  or  Burning  Zone,  is  included  within 

the  Tropics.  . 

The  Temperate  Zones  are  between  the  Tropics 

and  the  Polar  Circles. 

The  Frigid  Zones  include  those  parts  of  the 

earth  between  the  Polar  Circles  and  ihe  Poles 

The  Temperate  Zones  enjoy  a  mild,  temperate  climate,  be 
tween  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

The  heat  in  the  Torrid,  or  Burning  Zone,  is  excessive  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year. 

In  the  Frigid,  or  Frozen  Zone,  the  cold  is  intense.  Winter 
holds  an  uninterrupted  reign  the  year  round. 

Maps. 

A  Map's  a  picture,  of  the  whole  or  part, 
Of  the  earth's  surface,  to  be  learned  by  heart. 
The  top  is  North,  while  South  points  to  your  breast ; 
The  right  hand  's  East,  the  left  hand  's  always  West. 
More  Maps  than  one,  bound  up  for  school  or  college, 
Is  called  an  Atlas,  and  contains  much  knowledge. 

How  Latitude  and  Longitude  are  ex 
pressed  on  Maps. 

Both  Latitude  and  Longitude,  we  sec, 
Upon  the  Map,  in  figures,  1 — 2 — 3  ; 
Upon  the  side  the  Latitude  is  told, 
While  Longitude  we  at  the  top  behold. 

Maps  are  pictures  of  the  whole,  or  of  parts,  of 

the  earth's  surface.  The  top  of  the  map  represents  the  northern 
part  of  a  country ;  the  bottom,  the  southern  .;  the  right  hand,  the 
eastern  ;  the  left  hand,  the  western.  A  collection  of  maps  is 
called  an  Atlas. 

Latitude  and  Longitude  are  represented  on  Maps 

by  figures.  Latitude  is  usually  written  on  the  sides  of  the  map, 
whil'j  Longitude  is  generally  at  the  top  or  the  bottom. 


QUESTIONS   are  not  inserted  in  this  work,  from  the  fact  that  it  was  deemed 

superfluous.  All  the  Teacher  has  to  do,  to  form  a  question,  is  to  read  over  any  sentence  and  prefix 
the  internogatives,  'What  is  — V  or,'  Where  are  — V  &c.,  and  it  becomes  a  question. 

He  turns  to  pag;e  7,  for  instance,  and  glances  his  eye  upon  the  word,  Geography,  in  full-faced  let 
ters,  (over  the  poetry  that  defines  Geography,)  and  asks  the  question — 'What  is  Geography  ?'  Then, 
'What  is  the  Earth,'  &c.  ;  and,  to  answer  the  question,  the  Pupil  repeats  the  poetry,  and  in  his  own 
language  gives  the  sum  and  substance  of  the  prose. 

The  Teacher,  in  all  instances,  should  explain  the  licensed  poetic  phrases  to  juvenile  classes. 


NOKTH     AMERICA. 


North  America  is 
noted  for  the  largest 
lakes  of  fresh  water 
in  the  world,  and  as 


being  the  home  of 
the  oppressed  of  all 
nations. 


View  of  Niagara  Falls  from  the  Ferry. 


Capes. 

Cape  Farewell,  south  of  Greenland,  first  relate, 
While  Wet -sing Jiam  is  west  of  Davis  Strait, 
Cape  Lewis  stands  southeast  of  Es'-qui-maux, 
And  North  of  Bell'-isle  Strait,  as  seamen  know 
North  of  the  Gulf,  and  South  of  Lab'-ra-dor, 
Cape  Whittle  hears  Law-ren'-e-an  surges  roar. 
Cape  Sable  west,  by  Nova  Scotia's  formed, 
Where  Fundy's  matchless  tide  is  backward  turned. 

Then  conies  Cape  Ann,  Cape  Cod  and  Mal-a-bar', 
Of  Massachusetts  all,  as  you're  aware. 
Rhode  Island  holds   Point  Ju'-dtik,  Point  Mon-tauk", 
Long  Island  claims,  and  Jersey  Sandy  Hook, 
Cape  Hen'-lopen  of  Delaware — Cape  May, 
Of  Jersey's  shore,  by  Delaware's  dark  Bay. 

Just  at  the  entrance  of  the  Ches-a-peake', 
Cape  Churle*  and  Henry  both  their  sentries  keep. 
Cape  HatteruSi  then  Cape  Lookout  and  Cape  Fear, 
Of  North  Carolina,  in  the  list  appear. 

Of  Florida,  Cun-ave-ral,  well  you  know, 
With.  Florida,  Sable  and  Ro'-nia-no, 
And  one  St.  Bias,  near  Ap-pa-lach'-ee's  flow, 

Rt>-xo  beside  Tam-pi'-co  next  appears; 
Ca-touche'  of  Yu-ca-tan'  the  sailor  nears.     (Cs-toosh.) 
East  of  Honduras  Gra'-cias  mantles  low, 
As  west  of  Cuba  stands  An-to'-ni-o. 

As  the  Western  Coast  of  Mexico  we  keep, 
First  Co-ri-ents'  springs  upward  from  the  deep, 
iSY.  Lucas  next,  and  Si.  La-za'-ru's  seen, 
Mor-ro  Her-ino'-so  then,  and  Ptnnt  Mim-drains'. 
Men-do' -ci-no  o'er  forty  latitude,  (40) 
While  'Oxford  Cape,  for  Jijrfy  three  is  good.     (43) 

In  sixty-Jive,  and  east  of  Reh'-ring'x  pass.     (65) 
Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  heaves  np  his  icy  mass ; 
Just  North  of  this,  Cape  Lixbon  you  behold, 
Then  Icy  Cape  and  Bar' -rows  Point  unfold; 
And  Bee'-cher-,  De-mar-ca-tion,  Bath'-itrst,  all 
Where  the  frozen  ocean  scours  the  Arctic  wall 


'"    I 

flow,      S 
i;     (Ro-ho.) 


PRONUNCIATION. 


Esquimeaux, 

Tampico, 

Catouche, 


Es-ke-mo. 

Tam-pe'-co. 

Ca-toosfi. 


Mondraines,     Mnn-drene. 
Henlopen,        Hen' -lo-  pen. 
Roxo,  Ko-fw'. 


Rivers. 

Cold  Ar-a-bas'-ca  Lake,  the  Eltt  divides, 
And  the  Peace  River,  to  Slave  River  guides. 
Stave  River,  to  Slave  Lake  her  tribute  pays, 
And  to  a  Northern  Strait,    McKmzie  strays. 

The  Seal  in  Hudson's  ample  Bay  is  rolled, 
With  Churchill,  Nelstm  and  the  Severn  cold. 

And  Albany  and  Moose,  in  James'  Bay, 
With  East  Maine  Rirr.r  all  their  waters  lay. 

Rt'd  River  ends  in  Winnipeg  her  story, 
Where  Sas-ka-shaw'-an  mantles  all  her  glory. 


RIVERS    THAT    CONNECT    THE    LAKES,    &C. 

S{.  Mary's  from  Superior,  Huron  takes, 
In  Lake  St.  Cl.iir,  St.  Clair  from  Huron  breaks. 
From  Lake  St.  Clair,  Detrf.it  to  Erie  pours, 
From  whence  Niayara  to  Ontario  roars: 
From  here  St.  Lawrence  to  the  gulf  drives  in, 
With  U-ta-was,  her  first  and  largest  stream. 

RIVERS    ON    THE    EASTERN    COAST. 

St.  John's  from  Maine,  through  Brunswick  makes  her 

way. 

And  with  St.  Croix,  rolls  into  Fundy's  Bay.  (Sf.  Croy) 
From  Maine,  Penobscot,  and  the  Ken-ne-lteck, 
With  An-dros-cog-yin  and  the  Sa-co  break. 
Tlie  Mer-ri-mack,  from  Hampshire  takes  its  coil 
Through  Massachusetts'  northern,  eastern  soil. 

Connecticut,  in  the  Eastern  States  is  found, 
With  Hou-sa-ton-ic  wakes  Long  Island  Sound. 
Mohawk  to  Hudson,  Hudson  to  the  sea, 
From  New  York  State,  join  in  the  Jubilee. 

From  Jersey's  shore,  the  Delanxire  divides 
The  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania!!  meads. 

By  Mar.vl.md  and  Pennsylvania  formed, 
In  Chrs-a.pea.ke,  the  Sus-que-han-nah' n  turned. 
Here  Po-to-mac  drives  onward  to  the  brine, 
'Tween  Maryland  and  Virginia  the  line. 
Here  Rhap-pa-han-nock,  York  and  James  are  thrown 
From  fair  Virginia,  their  summer  home. 

In  Al-be-marle,  Cho-ivnn,  and  Roanoke, 
Virginia's  shores  with  Carolina  yoke. 


RIVERS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


13 


.1 


And  Pam-li-co  and  Neuse  in  Pamlico, 

O'er  North  Carolina,  murmur  in  their  flow, 

From  whence  Cape  Fear  to  Ocean  mutters  low 

Little  and  Great  Pe-dee',  here  take  their  source, 

And  with  San-tee',  through  South  Carolina  course. 

Edis-to  here,  with  Cam-ba-hee  entwine, 

With  dark  Sa-van-nah  on  the  Georgian  line. 

O-gee-chee,  Al-ta-nui-ha,  Satilla,  all 

From  Georgia  drive,  and  into  ocean  fall; 

From  whence  Sf.  Mary's  waves  to  Ocean  stray, 

With  Nas-saii  and  St.  John's  in  Florida. 

RIVERS   OF   THE    GULF    OF   MEXICO. 

From  Georgia,  Flint  and  Ckat-a-hoo'-chee  lower,— 
The  Chatahoochee  bounds  her  Western  shore. 
Then  to  the  Gulf,  o'er  Florida  they  stray, 
Through  Ap-pa-lach-i-co'-la's  watery  way. 
Mo-bile,  from  Alabama  comes,  whose  bed 
The  Alabama  and  Tom-big'-hee  tread. 

And  Pas-ca-gou-la  and  the  limpid  Pearl, 
From  Mississippi  State,  their  waters  furl, 
And  Mississippi  here  unloads  her  stores, 
And  the  broad  Gulf  her  boiling  surge  devours. 

'Tween  Louisiana  and  the  Texan  green, 
Through  Lake  Sa-binc',  here  rolls  the  dark  Sa-bine't 
From  Texas,  Ne'-ches,  Trin-i-dud,  and  Brazos, 
With  Col-o-ra'-do  whose  loud  roar  would  craze  us. 
Here  Gau-da-loupe'  and  Nue-ces  ceaseless  flow. 
With  Rio  Grande,  northeast  of  Mexico. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  Mississippi,  from  I-tas'-ca  Lake 
In  I'-<>-wa,*  bids  the  broac!  Gulf  awake. 
Wisconsin  for  the  Eastern  Coast  survey, 
Then  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee. 
Then  Mississippi's  soil  is  next  beheld, 
With  Louisiana's  most  southeastern  field 
With  I'-o-wa;  Missouri's  on  the  west. 
Where,  with  Arkansas,  Louisiana's  pressed. 

EASTERN    BRANCHES. 

To  this  proud  tide,  from  broad  Wisconsin,  flock 
The  C'hip-pe-wa,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Rock. 
Through  Illinois,  Rock  river  rolls  her  tide, 
Where  Illinois  and  fair  Kas-kas'-kia  glide. 
Ohio,  here,  from  Pennsylvania  comes ; 
South  of  Ohio  state  her  billow  foams. 
Then  Indiana  state,  and  Illinois,  (illinoy^ 
Beside  its  pathway  all  their  arts  employ. 
The  sauie  dark  breaker  sweeps  Virginian  earth, 
And  bounds  Kentucky  state  upon  the  north. 
In  Western  Tennessee,  the  O-bi-on  keeps, 
And  Hatch'ie  on  to  Mississippi  sweeps  ; 
In  Mississippi  state,  behold  Ya-zoo', 
In  zigzag  path,  with  Big  Black  river,  too 

WESTERN    BRANCHES. 
From  I'-o-wa,  the  Willows,  and  the  Pine, 
Crow  Wing,  and  Swan,  and  Ell;,  and  Sack,  combine ; 
Then,  casting  up  their  bubbles  by  the  billion, 
Crow  river  comes,  St.  Peters,  and  Vermillion. 
White  Water,  Root,  and  Upper  Iowa, 
With  Turkey  river,  sing  their  roundelay. 


Red  Cedar  then,  with  Iowa  made  fast ; 

Skunk  river  next  with  dark  Des  Monies  the  last 

MISSOURI. 

Far  from  Missouri  Territory  driven, 
Where  the  Rocky  Mountains  rear  their  heads  to  heaven, 
Leaving  fair  Iowa  upon  the  east, 
Missouri  rolls  to  Mississippi's  breast 

And  Mar-a-mec  springs  from  the  Iron  Mountain, 
And  runs  northeast,  to  Mississippi's  fountain. 
Arkansas  state  lays  claim  to  young  Si.  Francis, 
Where,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  foams  Ar-kan-sas.* 
The  branches  of  the  last  are,  White  and  Jean  ,- 
Both  in  Arkansas,  on  the  map  are  seen. 
And,  to  Arkansas,  with  the  tide  Neo-sho, 
From  Indian  fields,  Canadian  murmurs  low. 
O'er  Texas,  north,  southwest  the  Arkansan  banner, 
Red  river,  comes ;  then  pours  through  Louisiana. 

BRANCHES   OF    THE    OHIO. 

'Tween  Illinois  and  Indiana,  tread 
The  Wa-bash  billows,  to  Ohio's  bed. 
White  river,  with  her  East  and  Western  tides, 
From  Indiana,  to  the  Wabath  glides. 
Ohio  state  hears,  with  Mi-a-mi's  roar 
Scioto,  Hocking,  and  Miisk-ing-uvi — four,  • 

Then  Beaver  river,  born  in  Pennsylvania, 
Last  northern  branch,  save  one,  called  Al-le-gha-ny. 

Ohio  drinks  Mo-non-ga-he-la  in. 
That  sweeps  Virginia  and  the  land  of  Penn 
Little  Kan-ha-way,  then,  is  on  the  route, 
With  Great  Kanhaway  and  the  Guy-an-dotte. 
Big  Sandy,  on  Virginia's  western  Ixirdcr ; 
And  Licking  river,  of  Kentuckian  order. 
Then  comes  Kentucky  river,  Salt,  and  Green — 
Upon  the  last,  the  Mammoth  Cave  is  seen. 
Where  Tennessee,  and  state  Kentucky,  slumbers, 
The  Cum-ber-land  warbles  her  watery  numbers. 
In  the  same  states,  and  Alabama,  too, 
The  Tennessee  unfolds  unto  the  view. 

BRANCHES    OF    THE    MISSOURI. 

Among  Missouri's  branches,  on  the  north, 
Are  Thompson's,  Williams',  Porcupine,  WJiitc  Earth, 
From  Iowa,  the  Shepherd  rolls  her  tides, 
With  Fish,  and  James,  and  Siott-x,  and  river  Floyds, 
With  Nod-a-way,  from  state  Missouri,  run 
The  Platte,  and  Grande,  with  river  Cliar-a-ton. 
The  Jefferson  a  northern  course  is  thrown, 
To  join  the  Madison  and  Yellowstone. 
The  Yellowstone  collects,  in  her  own  sea, 
Clark  Fork,  Big  Horn,  and  Tongtit — of  branches  three. 
Little  Missouri  next,  then  Cannon  Hall, 
Chay-enne,  and  Platte,  all  from  Missouri  fall. 
La-plntte  is  on  her  territorial  bound, 
North  of  the  Indian  claims  and  hunting  ground. 
With  branches  four — liig  Horn,  I^oup  Fork,tmd  Black, 
With  one  Pa-dou-ca,  on  the  Indian  tract. 
And  eastward,  from  the  Indian  Pro"ince,  wide 
The  river  Kanzas  rolls  her  three-forked  tide. 


*  Sometimes,  though  erroneously,  pronunced  I-o'-wa. 


•Sometime*  pronounced  Ar-kan-saw'. 


14 


POETICAL      GEOGRAPHY. 


The  northern  fork,  Republican,  behold ; 
Then  Sol-y-man's,  and  Smoky  Hill,  unfold. 
La-mine  and  fair  O-sagc,  pour  forth  their  waters, 
With  Gasconade,  Missouri's  warbling  daughters. 

RIVERS    OF   MICHIGAN. 
From  Michigan,  the  Raisin  runs  to  Erie, 
And  Huron,  there  her  sparkling  waters  carry, 
In  Sf.  Ciair  River,  Gratiot  ends  her  lay, 
And  Sag-i-naw  is  lost  in  her  own  bay*, 
With  branches  Cats,  and  Flint,  and  Shi-a-iras-see, 
WThich  roar,  at  last  with  Huron's  billows,  massy. 
And  7  it -t i-ba-mas-see,  with  her  Chippema, 
That  drinks  the  Pine,  is  lost  in  Saginam. 
Au-fa-blf  eastward  runs,  with  Thundi-r  Bay, 
Where  Huron's  billows  greet  them  on  the  way. 
Cfic-boy-gan,  northward,  leaves  the  noisy  clan, 
While  Betsey,  westward,  seeks  lake  Michigan ; 
There,  Min-tn-tee,  and  Not-i-pc-ka-go,  run, 
With  river  White,  and  flaming  Mus-ke-gon, 
Grand  river,  then,  and  the  dark  Kal-ma-zoo, 
With  one  St.  Josephs,  break  their  pathway  through. 

RIVERS    OF    NORTHERN    NEW   YORK. 

The  Sa-ra-nac  is  lost  in  lake  Champlain, 
East  of  the  state,  where  Plattsburgh  holds  her  reign; 


St.  Reg-is,  Racket,  and  the  river  Grass, 
With  Os-we-gatch-ie,  to  St.  Lawrence  pass. 
Black  river,  then,  Oswego,  Genesset, 
Ontario  drowns  in  her  loud  minstrelsy. 

RIVERS    OF   OREGON   AND    CALIFORNIA. 

In  Oregon,  Columbia  makes  her  pillow, 
And  westward,  to  Pacific,  drives  her  billow. 
From  California,  Sacramentu  's  roll'd : 
Southward  her  course,  through  regions  rich  with  gold. 
And  Colorado  joins  with  Gila  river  ,• 
In  California  Gulf,  their  waves  roll  ever. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


Chippewa,  - 
Mobile,  -  - 
Sabine,  -  - 
Itasca,  -  - 
Hatchie,  - 
Des  Moines, 
St.  Croix,  - 
Gila,  -  - 


Chippewau'. 
Mooeef. 
Sabeen' 
l-tas'-ca. 
Hach'-ee. 
De  Moin. 
St.  Cray. 
Ge-la,  or 
Hee-la. 


Multnomah, 
Sioux,    -    - 
Chayenne,   - 
Laplatte,     - 
Lamine, 
Saline,  -    - 
Hiaqui,  -    - 
Sascashawaii, 


Mult-no'-ma. 

Soo. 

Sha-en'. 

La-plate'. 

Lu-meen', 

Sa-leen. 

He-a-kee'. 

Sus-ca-shaw'- 


COUNTRIES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

THE  RUSSIAN   POSSESSIONS 

Are  noted  for  their  furs,  and  as  a  cold,  dreary  climate,  inhabited  only  by  savages 
and  hunters.     The  population  is  about  50,000. 

The  coast,  in  some  parts,  rises  into  snow  capped  summits. 


GREENLAND. 


The  coldest,  most 
dreary,  and  desolate 
country  in  the  world. 
Inhabited  by  a  filthy, 
degraded  race  of  In 
dians,  called  Esqui 
maux. 

Captain  Ross,  on 
the  northern  shores, 
found  a  race  of  ig 


norant  natives,  who 
imagined  his  ships  to 
be  huge  birds.  On 
the  cliffs,  he  found 
red  snow. 

The  settlements 
are  Lichtena*i,  Lich- 
tenfcls  and  New 
Hernet. 


Esquimeaux  spearing  a  Walrus. 


BRITISH    AMERICA 


Includes  New  Britain,  Canada  East,  and  Canada  West,  New  Brunswick,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Newfoundland.  . 

New  Britain  is  noted  for  its  cold  climate,  for  its  savages  or  Esquimaux  Indians,  and 
for  its  being  the  ground  or  theater  for  the  operations  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 


BRITISH    AMERICA. 


15 


The  natives  live  mostly  on  seal.  In  traveling,  they  are  drawn  by  a  very  fine  kind 
of  dog,  which  is  harnessed  to  their  sleds. 

The  British  have  trading  stations  at  the  mouths  of  most  of  the  rivers,  where  the 
Indians  come  to  exchange  their  furs  for  blankets,  guns,  beads,  &c. 

COUNTRIES   AND    TOWNS. 


Canada  West. 

Kingston  is  found  N.  E.  Ontario's  roar, 
While  west  the  lake  is  Hamilton  in  Gore ; 
Toronto  to  the  N.  W.  finds  a  Home, 
As  north  the  lake,  Port  Hope  and  Coburg  come. 

Canada  East. 

In  the  lower  Province,  Montreal  lives  ever, 
Upon  an  island  in  St.  Lawrence  River ; 

And  down  the  stream,  one  hundred  eighty  miles, 
Quebec  to  heaven  heaves  up  her  giant  piles ; 
A  fortress  strong,  on  a  high  promontory, 
And  famed  in  song,  in  history,  and  story. 

Blew  Brunswick. 

St.  Johns,  and  Frederickton,  New  Brunswick  keeps, 
Where  the  St.  Johns  along  ber  pathway  sweeps ; 
West  of  St.  Johns,  and  east  the  young  St.  Croix, 
fit.  Andrews  lives,  by  commerce  her  employ. 

Nova  Scotia. 

Yarmouth,  on  Nova  Scotia's  western  border, 
Where  Fundy's  tide  rolls  up  in  wild  disorder, 

And  Halifax,  near  the  peninsula's  center, 
Known  for  her  port,  where  the  largest  crafts  may  enter ; 
With  vessels  of  all  kinds,  this  place  is  full, 
But  chiefly  with  the  war  ships  of  John  Bull. 

The  northern  shores,  which  Pictou  has  a  seat  on, 
With  Sidney,  on  the  island  of  Cape  Breton, 
A.re  noted  for  their  coal  the  world  all  over, 
Which  mineral  freights  full  many  an  ocean  rover. 


Canada  West. 

Noted'as  hemg  the  most  productive,  and 
best  settled  of  the  British  Possessions  in  N.  A.; 
also  for  the  intelligence  of  its  inhabitants,  who  are 
mostly  of  an  English  origin. 

The  soil  is  a  fine  dark  loam,  mixed  with  a 
vegetable  mould,  and  is  unsurpassed  for  its 
productiveness. 

Canada  East. 

The  cultivated  portions  lie  in  the  valley 
of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

It  has  the  climate  of  Sweden,  though  the  lati 
tude  of  France. 

The  French  language  is  chiefly  spoken. 


New  Brunswick. 

Noted  for  its  immense  quantity  of  lum 
ber  ;  mostly  pine. 

Frederickton  on  the  St.  Johns  River,  is  the  capital. 
Si.  Johns  is  the  largest  town. 
St.  Andrews  is  the  second  in  population. 


Nova  Scotia. 

A  peninsula  south  of  New  Brunswick, 
having  a  rugged  stony  coast.  Noted  for  coal  and 
gypsum.  Climate  mild ;  subject  to  fogs. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. — A  barren,  hilly  island 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  abounding  with  good 
harbors,  and  noted  for  the  greatest  codfisheries  in 
the  world. 


An  Jcebenj. 


UNITED    STATES. 


Noted  as  being  the  largest,  most  enlightened  and  powerful  republic  on  the  globe. 
Bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west.     Having  an 
area  of  more  than  2,000,000  square  miles. 


I.  — EASTERN    STATES. 


Maine.     4 

In  Maine,  Augusta,  on  the  Ken-ne-beck, 
Just  50  miles,  if  right  I  recollect ; 
There  Hallowell,  for  granite  we  '11  remember, 
And  Bath,  for  building  s flips  of  white  oak  timber. 

Ban-gor'  in  lumber  trades  ;  as  boards  and  plank, 
And  takes  her  place  upon  Pe-nob-scot's  bank, 
0-ro-no,  Frankfort,  Bucksport,  and  Castine  (teen), 
On  the  same  banks,  by  the  same  glowing  stream. 

Portland  by  Casco  Bay,  chief  town  in  Maine, 
In  fisheries  said  commerce  holds  her  reign. 

JVew  Hampshire. 

Portsmouth  her  harbor  boasts,  and  sits  supine, 
Where  meets  Pi-scat-a-qua.  the  rolling  brine. 
Up  the  same  tide  is  found  Great  Falls  and  Dovor; 
As  on  Connecticut  is  fair  Hanover. 

And  Concord  on  the  Mer-ri '-mack  may  rest  her, 
As  further  south  is  Nash'-ua  and  Man-ches-tcr. 


Maine. 


Noted  for  its  vast  forests  of  lumber,  for 
ship  building,  and  for  being  the  most  northeastern 
state  in  the  union. 

It  was  a  part  of  Massachusetts  till  1820,  when 
it  became  a  separate  state. 

The  climate  is  eold  and  hrnlttiy. 

The  coast  is  rugged,  and  the  harbor*  numerous. 

A  large  part  is  still  covered  with  forests. 

It  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  agriculture. 

AUGUSTA  is  noted  a?  the  capital. 

Hallowed  lor  granite  (juarries. 

Bath  for  chip  huihling. 

Portland  for  Commerce  and  fisheries,  ami  as  being 
the  largest  town  :»  Mnino. 


New  Hampshire. 

Called  the   Granite  State.     Noter!  for 
the  White  Mountains. 

The  surface    is  level  on  the  coast. 

It  abounds  in  rivers,  lakes  and  mountains. 

The  soil  is  better  fitted  for  grazing  than  tillage, 

The  climate  is  cold  and  healthy. 

CONCORD  is  noted  a*  the  capital 


(16) 


EASTERN    STATES. 


17 


Vermont. 

Montpelier,  near  the  center  of  the  state, 

On  Onitm  River,  rules  o'er  small  and  great. 
Windsor  upon  Connecticut  may  reign, 
As  Burlington  is  found  on  Lake  Champlain, 
And  Otter  Creek  has  fair  Vergennes'  upon  her, 

Known  for  the  feet  of  Commodore  McDonough  ; 
And  Mid-dle-bu-ry  on  this  tide  may  tarry, 

Known  for  her  college  and  her  marble  quarry. 
And  Bennington,  southwest  of  all,  we  mark 

Famed  for  the  victory  of  General  Stark. 

Massachusetts. 

Boston  and  Charlestown  both  together  lay, 
With  Cambridge,  born  by  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Lynn,  famed  for  shoes,  for  codfish  Marblehead, 
Salem  for  wealth,  gained  in  the  India  trade. 

Gloucester  for  mackerel  and  codfishing  both, 
And  Newburyport,  for  commerce  farthest  north. 

Lowell  on  Merrimack,  a  far  famed  weaver. 
For  which  is  known  both  Taunton  and  Fall  River. 

As  Springfield,  for  her  armory,  we  hail. 

New  Bedford  and  Nantucket  fish  for  whdlf,. 

Plymouth,  known  for  the  Pilgrim  Fathers'  landing, 
By  Cape  Cod  Bay,  in  Massachusetts  standing. 

And  Worcester,  that 's  near  the  Bay  State's  center, 
As  a  great  thoroughfare,  we  next  will  enter. 

Connecticut. 

And  Hartford,  MiddJetown,  and  Say'-brook  bide, 
Fast  by  Connecticut's  unfailing  tide. 

New  London,  Bridgeport,  Fairfield  and  New  Haven, 
With  Norwalk  by  Long  Island  Sound  are  graven. 

And  Stonington,  southeast  of  all,  we  hail, 
That  with  New  London,  fish  for  seal  and  whale. 

Rhode  Island. 

Among  her  factories,  Providence  makes  her  stay, 
On  her  own  stream,  by  Nar-ra-gan-sett  Bay  : 

And  Newport,  on  Rhode  Island  finds  resort, 
Well  fortified  and  noted  for  her  port. 
From  Providence  north,  Pautucket  finds  a  seat, 
As  north  of  Newport,  Bristol  next  we  greet. 


Vermont 

Noted  for  the  Green  Mountains,  and  for 
the  enterprise  of  its  hardy  inhabitants. 

A  large  portion  of  it  is  still  covered  with  timber. 

The  valleys  are  well  adapted  to  tillage  and  the 
hills  to  grazing. 

The  manufactures  arc  not  extensive. 

The  climate  is  cold  and  the  winters  severe. 

MOXTPELIER  is  noted  as  the  capital. 

Vergennes,  as  being  the  place  where  McDonough 
•  fitted  out  his  fleet  for  the  celebrated  battle  on  Lake 
I  Champlain. 

Middlebury,  for  its  college  and  fine  marhle  quarries. 


Massachusetts. 

Called  the  Bay  State.  Noted  for  its 
wealth,  and  the  active  part  it  took  in  the  great 
struggle  for  the  liberty  and  independence  of  our 
country. 

The  eastern  part  is  uneven,  and  the  western 
mountainous.  Mount  Tom,  Mount  Holyoke, 
Saddle  Mount  and  Wachusett,  are  celebrated 
peaks. 

BOSTON  is  noted  as  the  capital,  and  as  the  largest 
town  111  \>\v  England. 

CharlcFtown  for  the  Banker  Hill  Monument 

Cambridge  far  its  university. 

.Lynn  for  the  manufacture  of  shoes. 

Mnrbleliead    for  its  cod-fisheries. 

Salem  for  it-1  wealth,  obtained  in  the  India  trade. 

Gloucester  'or  cod  and  mackerel-fisheries. 

Newburvport,  the  most  northern  town  in  the  Slate, 
for  commerce. 

Lowell,  as  the  first  town  in  manufacturing  in  the 
United  States. 

New  Bedford  and  Nantucket  for  whale  fisheries. 

Plymouth  tor  the  landing  of  Pilgrim  Fathers,  1G20. 


Connecticut. 

Noted  for  the  ingenious  character  of  its 

inhabitants,  and  for  its  schools. 

The  common  school  fund,  in  this  state,  is  over 
two  millions  of  dollars. 

It  has  been  distinguished  for  its  men  of  genius 
and  learning. 

HARTFORD  and  New  HAVEN  are  the  capital*. 


Rhode  Island. 

Noted  as  the  smallest  state  in  the  union. 
It  consists  mostlv  of  the  shores  and  islands  of 
Xarragansett  Bay,  that  gives  it  great  advantages 
for  navigation. 

PROVIDENCE  is  noted  as  the  capital,  likewise  for  its 
manufactures,  us  well  as  being  (he  seat  of  Brown 
University. 

Newport,  as  a  naval  nation,  for  its  fortifications 
and  its  excellent  harbor. 


18 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


II.  — MIDDLE    STATES. 


Wew  York. 

In  New  York  State,  where  Hudson  meets  the  brine, 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  in  their  trade  combine. 
On  the  same  tide,  West  Point  and  Newburg  stay : 
Poughkeepsie,  Hudson,  Troy,  and  Albany. 
Schenectady,  with  Utica  and  Rome, 
Upon  the  Erie  Channel  find  a  home. 
Here  Syracuse  and  Rochester,  we  see — 
The  last  is  on  the  River  Genessee. 
Then  Brockport  comes,  with  Lockport  in  the  score  ; 
As  Buffalo  is  found  on  Erie's  shore. 

From  Buffalo  east,  takes  Attica  her  fare  ; 
In  Genessee,  Batavia  has  a  share. 
Then  Canandaigua  in  Ontario  view ; 
As  stands  Geneva  east,  with  Waterloo. 
Auburn  is  seated  by  Owasco  tide . 
South  of  Cayuga,  Ithaca  is  spied. 
Oxford  and  Norwich  in  Chenango  trace  ; 
In  Courtland  County,  Courtland  has  a  place. 
Bath  in  Steuben,  Elmira  in  Chemung  ; 
Owego  next,  then  Binghampton  in  Broome. 

Near  Saratoga,  Ballston  makes  her  quarters, 
And  both  are  noted  for  their  mineral  waters. 
Salem  in  Washington,  with  Sandy  Hill ; 
Whitehall  is  where  Champlain's  dark  waves  distil. 
Ticonderoga  lives  by  Lake  Champlain,  [reign. 

Where  stands  Crown  Point,  and  Plattsburg  holds  her 

Oswego  sits  beside  Ontario's  border  ; 
While  on  the  eastern  coast  is  Sackett's  Harbor. 
A  place  to  Watertown,  Black  River  warrants  ; 
As  Ogdensburgh  is  found  upon  St.  Lawrence. 

New  Jersey. 

Trenton,  that  takes  from  Jersey's  shore  her  fare, 
Is  on  the  eastern  side  of  Delaware. 
Then  Bordentown,  from  Trenton  south  is  seen, 
With  Burlington  and  Camden  down  the  stream. 
Freehold  in  Monmouth,  known  for  Monmouth  battle. 
Princeton  N.  E.  from  Trenton,  deigns  to  settle. 

Where  River  Raritan  pours  forth  her  waters, 
New  Brunswick  stands,  and  Amboy  makes  her  quarters. 


New  York. 


Called  the  Empire  State.  Noted  for  its 
canals,  railroads,  extensive  commerce,  and  its 
great  political  influence. 

Its  population  is  greater  than  any  other  state  in 
the  union. 

The  route  from  New  York  to  Buffalo,  is  one 
of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  in  the  world. 

The  scenery  on  the  Hudson  is  of  a  sublime 
and  imposing  character. 

The  steamboats  on  this  river  are  celebrated  for 
speed  and  grandeur. 

ALBANY,  on  the  Hudson,  is  noted  as  the  capital. 

New  York,  at  the  mouth  of  Jhe  Hudson,  as  being 
the  largest,  most  commercial,  and  important  town  in 
America. 

West  Point  for  its  military  academy. 

Sing  Sing  and  Auburn  for  State  prison*. 

Utica  for  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum. 

Schenectndy  for  Union  College. 

Syracuse  for  its  salt  works. 

Rochester  for  its  flouring  mills. 

I«ockporl  for  ils  costly  and  expensive  canal  locks. 

Buffalo  as  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns  in  the 
United  Slates  on  the  lines  of  two  the  greatest  thorough 
fares  in  America — the  Erie  Canal,  and  Niagara  and 
Lake  Ontario  routes. 

Ballslon  ami  Saratoga  for  mineral  waters. 

Oswego  as  the  principal  port  on  Lake  Ontario. 

Sacketls  Harbor  for  a  battle  fought  during  the  last 
war  with  Great  liritain. 

Watertown  for  its  neatness  and  manufactures. 

Ogdensburgh  as  lying  adjacent  to  Cauada  Kasu 


The  city  of  New  York  is  one  of  the  Tiost  im 
portant  towns  in  the  world.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Hudson,  on  an  island  about  fifteen 
miles  in  length. 

It  is  visited  by  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Mail  steamers  are  daily  arriving  from,  or 
departing  for  foreign  ports. 

Broadway  is  one  of  the  finest  streets  in  the 
world  and  the  Park  Fountain  one  of  the  city's 
greatest  ornaments.  Among  the  public  buildings 
we  may  mention  Trinity  Church,  a  gothic  struct 
ure,  having  a  spire  or  steeple,  283  feet  high. 


New  Jersey. 

Noted  for  manufactures,  canals,  railroads 
and  its  revolutionary  incidents. 

The  southern  part  is  barren  and  thinly  settled ; 
the  northern  part,  rough  and  mountainous ;  the 
middle  part  is  extremely  fertile. 

Apples  and  peaches  are  raised  in  great  abund 
ance  in  the  southern  part. 

The  Philadelphia  and  New  York  markets  are 
supplied  with  their  best  fruits  from  this  State. 

TKKNTON,  on  the  Delaware,  is  noted  as  th2  capital 

Freehold  is  noted  for  the  Battle  of  Monmouth,  'ought 
1778.  between  ihe  British  under  Lord  Cornwallis,  and 
the  Continental  army  under  Gon.  Washington. 


MIDDLE    STATES. 


19 


From  Amboy  north,  Elizabethtown  we  view ; 
In  Morris,  Troy  and  Morristown  are  two. 
Upon  Passaic's  banks,  Newark  has  grown  ; 
As  farther  up  the  stream  is  Patterson. 

Pennsylvania. 


riTTSBURSH. 


There  Schuylkill  and  the  Delaware  convene, 
Is  Philadelphia,  oldest  child  of  Penn. 
And  Harrisburg,  the  state  metropolis, 
On  Susquehannah  River,  none  can  miss, 
'Bove  Harrisburg,  Northumberland  may  tarry : 
As  in  Luzerne  is  one,  called  Wilkesbarre. 

Mauch  Chunk  in  Carbon,  where  the  Lehigh  pours ; 
Honesdale  in  Wayne,  where  Lackawaxen  roars. 
Milford,  in  Pike,  and  Stroudsburg  in  Monroe, 
Easton  where  Delaware  and  Lehigh  flow. 
Bristol  in  Bucks',  'bove  Philadelphia's  landing ; 
Chester  below,  in  Delaware  is  standing. 
From  Philadelphia  west,  three  score  and  two, 
Lancaster,  in  Lancaster  county,  view. 

On  Schuylkill  banks,  is  one  called  Norristown ; 
There  Reading  keeps  ;    there  Pottsville  sits  her  down. 
From  Reading  west,  is  Lebanon  the  while  ; 
York  lives  in  York  ;  in  Cumberland  Carlisle. 
From  Cumberland,  is  Chambersburg  southwest ; 
As  south  in  Adams,  Gettysburg  may  rest 

Where  Alleghany  joins  Monongahela, 
Pittsburg  is  found,  though  "smoke  and  coal  conceal  her ; 


Trenton  and  Princeton  are  likewise  celebrated  for 
battles  fought  during  the  Revolution,  in  all  of  which 
Washington  commanded  in  person. 

Newark,  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  shoes  and 
carriages. 

Patterson,  noted  for  its  cotton  manufacturing. 


Pennsylvania. 

Noted  for  coal  mines  and  iron  manufac 
tures;  and  as  being  the  center  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  , 

The  mountains  extend  through  the  middle  of 
the  state,  leaving  the  northeastern  and  south- 
western  portions  level,  or  undulating. 

It  is  the  first  manufacturing  state  in  the  union, 
and  is  the  richest  in  minerals. 

The  iron  mines  of  this  state  are  great  sources 
of  wealth,  and  chiefly  supply  the  manufacturing 
establishments. 

The  coal  beds  are  inexhaustible,  yielding  over 
two  millions  of  tons  annually ;  and  in  real  import 
ance  and  worth,  are  more  valuable  than  the  gold 
mines  of  Mexico,  or  California.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  mountains  is  found  the  anthracite,  or 
hard  coal ;  on  the  west  bituminous,  or  soft  coal. 
Pittsburg  is  near  the  center  of  the  bituminous 
coal  region. 

Wheat  is  the  principal  product  of  the  soil, 
though  com  and  other  grains  are  raised  in  great 
abundance. 

Its  population  is  second  to  none  but  New  York. 

Several  battles  were  fought  in  this  state  during 
the  revolutionary  struggle.  Valley  Forge,  twenty 
miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia,  is  known  as  the 
place  where  Gen.  Washington  made  his  winter 
quarters,  during  the  darkest  hours  of  the  contest 

HARRISBURG,  on  the  Susquehannah,  is  the  capita], 

Philadelphia  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  lown  in 
the  state,  and  second  in  the  United  States.  It  is  dis 
tinguished  for  its  humane  and  literary  institutions; 
among  which  are  Girard  College,  for  orphans,  the 
School  for  the  blind,  and  one  for  deaf  and  dumb  per 
sons.  Fairniount  Water  Works,  which  supply  a 
great  portion  of  the  city  with  pure  water  from  the 
Schuylkill  river,  hold  a  prominent  place  among  the 
pleasure  grounds,  which  are  numerous. 

Pittsburg,  the  second  town  in  the  state,  in  popula 
tion,  is  distinguished  for  coal  mines  in  its  vicinity, 
and  for  the  manufacture  of  iron,  glass,  white  lead  and 
heavy  machinery. 

Pottsville,  Mauch  Chunk  and  Honesdale,  are  noted 
for  their  coal  mines. 

Reading  is  a  large  and  beautiful  town,  situated  about 
fifty  miles  from  Philadelphia,  on  the  Schuylkill  river. 
It  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive  iron  works. 

Easton  is  noted  for  its  flour  mills. 

Wilkesbarre  for  the  massacre  of  the  inhabitants  m 
the  Wyoming  valley,  during  the  Revolution. 


The  works  of  internal  improvement  in  this 
state  have  greatly  facilitated  the  intercourse  with 
the  eastern  and  western  portions  of  the  union. 

Since  1844  the  system  of  common  school 
education  has  received  its  due  attention. 


20 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Here  Birmingham,  and  one  called  Allegkany, 
Their  stations  take  in  Western  Pennsylvania, 
Erie  is  where  Lake  Erie's  waves  roll  ever ; 
As  Beaver  lies  upon  the  Ohio  River. 

Delaware. 

On  Jersey's  Creek,  in  Delaware,  is  Dover, 
While  Brandywine,  fair  Wilmington  lives  over. 

And  Delaware  City,  with  Newcastle  fair, 
On  the  west  bank  of  River  Delaware. 


Delaware 

Noted  as  having  the  smallest  population 
of  any  state  in  the  union,  and  the  smallest  terri 
tory  excepting  Rhode  Island. 

In  the  northern  part  the  soil  is  fertile ;  in  the 
southern  unproductive. 

On  the  Brandy  wine  there  are  extensive  estab 
lishments  for  the  manufacture  of  paper,  gun 
powder,  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

DOVER  is  the  capital. 

Wilmington  is  noted  as  the  largest  town  in  the  state, 
as  well  as  tor  its  great  water  power  ;  which  is  used 
in  propelling  flour,  paper,  powder  and  cotton  mills. 


III.  — SOUTHERN    STATES. 


Maryland. 

Of  Maryland's  towns,  the  first  is  Baltimore 
Near  Chesapeake,  upon  Pa-tap-sco's  shore. 

And  west  from  Baltimore,  miles  forty-two, 
Has  Fredericktown  Mo-noc'-a-cy,  in  view. 

On  Severn's  bank,  two  miles  from  Ches-a-peake, 
An-nap'-o-lis  rules  the  powerful  and  the  weak. 

A  German  settlement  is  Ha'-gerstown, 
West  of  the  Blue  Ridge  is  her  station  known. 

And  Cumberland  of  Potomac  may  share, 
'T  is  west  of  all  I've  named,  a  thoroughfare. 

And  Washington,  three  hundred  miles  from  sea, 
On  the  east  bank  of  Potomac  doth  lay. 

Georgetown  from  Washington,  Rock  Creek  divides 
West  of  Potomac  Alexandria  hides. 

Virginia. 


The  staple  production  of  Viiginia.  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  is  TOBACCO. 

One  hundred  fifty,  from  the  mouth  of  James, 
In  old  Virginia,  Richmond  makes  her  claims. 


Maryland. 

Noted  for  mild  climate,  favorable  situa 
tion  for  commerce,  and  as  having  been  settled  by 
Roman  Catholics. 

It  is  separated  from  Virginia  by  the  Potomac, 
and  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Chesapeake 
Bay.  These  waters  are  navigable  to  the  extreme 
boundaries  of  the  state. 

The  soil  is  rich  and  produces  an  excellent 
quality  of  wheat. 

ANNAPOLIS  is  the  capital. 

Baltimore  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town  in  the 
state,  and  the  fourth  in  the  union,  ft  is  the  greatest 
flour  market  in  the  world. 

The  District  of  Columbia  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States'  government,  by  Maryland  and  Vir 
ginia,  in  1790.  It  is  ten  miles  square,  containing 
an  area  of  one  hundred  square  miles. 

WASHINGTON  is  noted  as  being  the  capital  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  situated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Potomac,  which  is  navigable  to  this  point 
for  ships  of  the  line.  An  United  States'  navy 
yard  is  also  established  here. 

Virginia. 

Noted  as  the  birth-place  of  the  immortal 
Washington,  and  for  having  given  six  presidents 
to  the  Union. 

It  is  crossed  by  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and 
Blue  Ridge,  which  extend  N.  K.  and  S.  W. 

The  soil,  on  the  coast,  is  sandy  and  sterile ;  on 
the  banks  of  rivers  and  in  the  valleys,  it  is  rich 
and  fertile. 

The  climate,  on  the  coast,  is  unheilthy ;  but, 
among  the  mountains,  cool  and  salubrious. 

RICHMOND  is  the  capital  of  Virginia. 

Norfolk  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  noted  for  foreign 
commerce.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Elizabeth 
river,  is  Gospt/t;  noted  for  the  United  States' 
Navy  Yard,  and  an  extensive  dry  dock. 

Yorktown  >s  noted  for  the  surrender  of  Lord 
Cornwallis  to  General  Washington,  in  1781. 


SOUTHERN    STATES. 


21 


From  Hampton  Roads,  eight  miles,  Norfolk  lives  ever, 
Upon  Elizabeth's  fair,  flowing  river. 

Yorktown,  upon  York  river,  sits  alone, 
Where  Lord  Cornwallis  bowed  to  Washington. 

Worth  Carolina. 

Ra'-leigh,  in  the  interior  of  N.  C., 
Nc-ar  river  Xeuse,  whose  waves  are  ever  free. 

Newbem,  the  largest  town,  stands  by  the  Neuse ; 

Of  Cape  Fear  river,  Fay'-ette-ville  makes  use. 

And  Wilmington  comes  in  the  stanza  next, 
Up  Cape  Fear  river,  miles — just  thirty-six. 

South  Carolina. 

Columbia  stands  upon  the  Con-ga-ree' ; 
And  Georgetown  dwells  upon  the  Great  Pedee', — 
As  Charleston  lives  just  seven  miles  from  sea. 
Hamburg,  by  tue  Sa-vari -nah,  keeps  her  station, 
Just  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation. 

Georgia. 

Where  rolls  O-cori-ee's  waves,  is  Mil'-ledge-ville  ; 
Augusta,  where  Savannah's  waters  spill ; 
On  the  same  tide,  Savannah  mounts  her  bluff — 
Say,  seventeen  from  sea,  for  that's  enough. 

Alabama. 

On  Alabama's  breast,  Montgomery  's  hung  ; 
As  Tus-ca-loo'-sa  hears  Black  Warrior's  song. 
Mobile  is  west  the  mouth  of  Mobile  tide  ; 
As  Blakely  lives  upon  the  other  side. 

Mississippi. 

Jackson,  in  Mississippi,  drinks  the  Pearl; 

Tiymltiybee' 8  waters  round  Columbus  furl ; 

And  Natchez  makes  a  rising  bluff  her  seat — 
O'er  Mississippi's  wave,  three  hundred  feet 
On  the  same  tide,  below  the  dark  Yazoo, 
From  Jackson,  west,  Vicks-burgh  is  in  the  view. 

Louisiana. 

And  New  Or-leans'  o'er  Louisiana  smiles, 
Up  Mississippi's  stream,  one  hundred  miles. 

'Bove  New  Orleans  one  hundred,  ten,  at  most,  [1 10 
Is  Ba-ton  Rouge,  a  military  post. 


North  Carolina. 

Noted  for  its  Gold  Mines,  that  yield 
$4,000,000  annually  ;  and,  also,  for  the  Dismal 
Swamp,  thirty  miles  long  and  ten  miles  wide. 

It  is  low  and  sandy,  for  sixty  or  seventy  miles 
from  the  coast.  In  the  interior,  it  is  hilly  ;  and  in 
the  western  part  it  is  mountainous. 

This  State  has  no  good  harbors.  The  coast  is 
lined  with  sand  bars  and  reefs,  that  render  naviga 
tion  dangerous. 

RALEIGH,  near  ihe  center  of  the  State,  is  the  capital. 
Newbern  is  noted  as  ihe  largest  town  in  the  Slate. 
Wilmington,  the  chief  commercial  depot,  is  noted  as 
being  the  terminus  of  an  extensive  line  of  railroad. 

South  Carolina. 

The  smallest  of  the  Southern  States  ; 
noted  for  the  opulence  and  independent  character 
of  its  planters. 

COLUMBIA,  the  capital.  i»  noted  for  its  neatness. 
Charleston  is  noted  as  the  largest  of  the  Atlantic  cities 
in  itie  Southern  Slates. 

Georgia. 

Noted  for  its  productions  of  rice  and 
cotton,  as  well  as  for  gold  mines.  The  mines 
are  found  in  the  northern  part 

In  surface  and  soil,  it  resembles  the  Carolinas. 
Indigo  was  once  raised  in  large  quantities,  but 
cotton  has  now  taken  the  lead  of  all  other  products. 
Sugar  cane  is  raised  to  some  extent  in  the 
southern  part. 

MILLEDGKVILLK,  the  capital,  has  a  pleasant  situation. 
Savannah  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town  in  the 
State,  and  as  having  a  large  share  of  commrrcc. 

Alabama. 

Noted  for  its  fertile  soil,  and  rapid  in 
crease  in  population. 

Cotton  is  the  chief  agricultural  product. 
MONTGOMERY,  on  the  Alabama  rivt- r,  is  the  capital 
Mobile  is  noted  for  its  extensive  commerce. 
Tuscaloosa,  the  former  capital,  is  a  flourishing  town 

Mississippi. 

Situated  mostly  in  the  basin  of  the  Mis 
sissippi  river,  which  bounds  it  on  the  west 
It  is  noted  as  being  the  chief  cotton  growing  state 
in  the  Union. 

The  southern  portion  is  level,  and  the  northern 
mountainous. 

JACKSOX,  the  capital,  is  on  Pearl  river. 

Natche/,  the  largest  town,  audit  place  of  great  trade, 
is  situated  on  a  high  bluil',  300  feet  above  the  Missis 
sippi. 

Louisiana. 

Noted  for  its  great  commercial  advantages, 
and  as  the  chief  suga-  growing  state  in  the  Union. 
It  is  a  low  and  level  tract,  and  at  the  southern 


country,  and  are  kept  from  overflowing  by  levees. 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


And  Alexandria,  for  its  trade  in  cotton, 
Upon  Red  river,  must  not  be  forgotten  ; 

And  Natch-i-toches,  an  old  French  town  we  enter, 
On  the  same  tide,  near  Louisiana's  center. 

Florida. 


Scene  in  Florida. 

In  Florida  is  Tal-la-has'-see  founc?, 
The  seat  of  rule,  on  elevated  ground, 

And  Pen-sa-co'-la  stands,  far  to  the  west, 
Aoid  of  the  Gulf  ports  she  is  deemed  the  best. 

Upon  the  eastern  coast,  St.  Augustine  \au-gus-teen' 
Oldest  of  towns,  beneath  a  sky  serene. 

FLORIDA  is  the  native  state  of  the  Seminole  Indians. 
It  is  noted  for  fertility  of  soil  and  luxuriant  vegetation,  and  as  being 
the  most  southern  part  of  the  United  States.  It  formerly  belonged 
to  Spain,  but  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1819. 

TA.LLAH  ISSEK,  the  capital,  has  an  elevated  site. 

St.  Augustine  is  noted  as  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  Stales. 
It  is  the  resort  of  invalids,  on  account  of  its  mild  and  healthy  climate. 

Fensacola  is  noted  as  a  man-of-war  station,  and  for  its  harbor — 
the  best  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Texas. 

Austin,  from  Colorado,  slakes  her  thirst, 
And  o'er  the  Lone  Star  reigns  supreme  and  first. 
Bas-trop',  La  Grange,  Columbus  further  south, 
With  Mat-a-gor-da  at  the  river's  mouth. 

Sa-bine'  is  at  the  mouth  of  dark  Sa-bine,  \sa-lxen 
And  Gal'-ves-ton  beside  her  bay  is  seen. 
Houston,  northwest  of  Gaiveston,  we  view, 
On  a  small  stream,  call'd  Buffalo  Bayou. 

Ve-las'-ca,  where  the  Brazos  meets  the  brine — 
A  place  of  much  resort  in  summer  time. 

Go'-liad,  a  town  on  San  An-to'-nio's  snore, 
Where  Fannin  died,  with  full  four  hundred  more. 


The  sugar  raised  in  Louisiana,  in  1845,  was 
207,000,000  of  pounds. 

NEW  Oi  LEANS,  by  Inr  the  most  important  town  in 
the  Southern  S;aie3,  is  situated  on  the  Mississipi,  one 
hundred  miles  from  its  muuth.  Its  commerce  is  next 
to  that  of  New  York. 

liaion  Rouge,  the  present  capita!,  is  noted  as  a  mill 
lary  staiinn,  and  for  a  United  States  arsenal. 

Alexandria  is  noted  for  iu  trade  in  cotton. 

Florida. 


OCEOI.A,  SEMINOLE  CH1EV. 

The  above  cut  is  a  representation  of  Or  KOLA,  Old 
Chief  of  the  Seminole  Indians,  who  long  main 
tained  a  bloody  and  even-handed  war  with  ihc  United 
Stales.  They  inhabited  the  Everglades  of  Florida, 
and  were  assailed  in  vain,  till  hunted  down  by  blood 
hounds  procured  from  Cuba 


Texas. 

The  Lone  Star — noted  for  its  rapid  in 
crease  in  population,  and  for  having  once  been  a 
part  of  Mexico. 

It  was  declared  an  independent  state  in  1835; 
and,  in  1846,  it  was  annexed  to  the  United  States, 

Texas  contains  about  six  times  as  much  terri 
tory  as  Pennsylvania. 

The  chief  productions  are  cotton,  tobacco,  rice, 
sugar,  corn  and  wheat 

It  abounds  in  buffalo,  deer,  and  wild  horwu, 
that  roam  over  its  vast  plains. 

The  inhabitants  are  mostly  from  the  U.  States. 

AUSTI*  is  the  capital. 

Sahine  City,  on  the  river  Sahine.  is  a  port  of  entry. 
Houston  is  the  most  commercial  town  in  the  Siate. 
Velasco  is  noted  as  a  summer  resort. 
Uoliad  is  noted  for  the  massacre  of  Col.  Fannin,  and 
four  hundred  prisoners,  by  the  Mexicans. 


WESTERN    STATES. 


23 


IV.  — WESTERN    STATES. 


Arkansas. 

Twice  thirty  miles,  up  the  Arkansas'  billow, 
O'er  the  north  bank,  Arkansas  makes  her  pillow. 

Arkansas  State  to  Little  Rock  lays  claim, 
That  by  Arkansas  river  writes  her  name. 

Vun  Buren,  near  the  Indian  Territory, 
Up  the  same  tide,  is  woven  in  the  story. 

And  Bates'-ville  slumbers  on  the  river  White, 
As,  in  the  northwest.  Fay'-ette-ville  we  write. 


Arkansas. 

Lies  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  noted 
for  hot  springs. 

It  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1836. 

Along  the  Mississippi,  it  is  low  and  unhealthy. 
The  interior  is  elevated,  and  enjoys  a  salubrious 
climate. 

It  abounds  with  large  rivers. 

LITTLE  ROCK,  the  capital,  is  on  Arkansas  river. 

Arkansas  is  noted  as  b^ing  the  oldest  town  in  the 
stale ;  settled  !-y  the  French  in  1085.  Its  population 
is  mostly  descendants  of  French  and  Indian*. 


Tennessee. 


Nnshvifle,  of  TKSNBSSKE,  is  known  fx>  stand 
By  the  Great  Bend  of  River  Cumberland. 
As  Gal-ln-tin  near  Cumberland  is  seen, 
Clarksville,  on  Cumberland,  is  down  the  streatn; 
As  South  from  Nashville,  Franklin  t*kes  her  throne; 
From  Nashville  East  is  stationed  Lebanon. 
And  where  Duck  Rictr  rolls  her  purling  rill, 
Columbia  stands  with  one  called  Shel-by-ville. 
In  RUTH-ER-FORD,  as  Mur  freys-bo-ro  smiles; 
Near  Fay-etie-ville,  Pu-las-ki  lives  iti  GILES. 


Kingston  in  ROANE;  and  Athens  in  McMiNK; 
Knoxville  in  KNOX;  as  Greenville  lives  in  GKKKIC. 
Memphis,  secure  from  Mississippi's  waters. 
South  West  of  all  makes  a  high  Llvff  her  quarters. 

And  Pur-dy,  Bol-i-var,  nnd  Ra-leigh,  three. 
Stand  with  La  Grange  in  WESTERN  TENNKSSEK; 
Where  Somerville  may  learn  her  pedigree. 
And  North  of  these  Brownsville  and  Jackson  trace, 
Where  Trenton  comes,  and  Pa-ris  finds  a  place. 


Noted  for  the  Cumberland  Mountains  ;    for  its  healthy  climate  and  fertile  soil, 
divided,  by  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  into  East  and  West  Tennessee. 

Kentucky. 


It 


Where  rolls  the  Ohio,  Mays-ville  let  us  greet ; 
In  BRACK-EN,  there  Au-gus-ta  finds  a  seat. 
New-port  ;nid  Cov-ing-ton  are  side  by  side, 
Whore  Lick-ing  Rictr  joins  her  parent  tide. 
Wnr-saw  is  where  the  Ohio  billows  range 
With  Car-roll-ton,  one  Bedford  and  La    Grange: 
Here  Lon-is-ville,  the  lnrgesttown.  is  seen 
With  Bran-den-buro1,  that's  further  down  the  stream; 
And  Maws-ville,  here  in  HANCOCK  County,  ranks; 
As  Ow-en-bo-ro  mounts  the  Yellow  Banks: 
Then  Hen-der-son  and  Smith-land,  each,  are  passed; 


As  comes  P:i-du-cab  in  the  stanza  last. 

F>a'ikfoit  is  by  Kentucky's  purling  rill; 
In  SHEI.UY  West,  is  one  called  Shel-by-ville; 
Georgetown  in  SCOTT;   in  NICHOLAS  Car-lisle  ; 
As  HAKKISOS  sees  Cyn-thi-a-na  smile. 


Paris,  in  BOUR-BON,  makes  her  quarters  yett 
While  Lexington  is  stationed  in  FAY-ETTE. 
And  Nich-o-las-ville,  in  JES-SA-BUME,  we  mark; 
Versailles  in  WOODFOKU;  Win-ches-ter  in  CLARKI 
Rich-mond  in  MAPISON;  while  to  GEK-RARD, 
The  town  called  Lan-cns-ter,  we  next  award. 
Stan-ford  in  LIN-COLN;  Danville  then  in  BOYLE; 
As  Har-rods-burg  in  MERCER  lives  the  while. 

Then  Taylorsville  and  Shepardsville  we  greet, 
Wh^'e  Springfield  makes  in  WASHINGTON  her  seat 
In  NELSON  Bardstown;   Greensburg  lives  in  GKEEKB; 


As  Ma-ri-on  stands  with  Leb-a-non,  between. 
Columbia  in  A-DAIR;  Glas-cow  in  BAR-REN; 
As  Bowling  Green  her  station  makes  in  WAKREN. 
And  Rus-sel-ville,  Elk-ton  and  many  more. 
With  Hopkinsville  and  Princeton  join  the  score. 

Settled  by  Daniel  Boone,  in  1769.     It  is  noted  for  its  delightful  climate   and   fine  soil, 
the  Mammoth  Cave,  and  for  the  brave  and  hospitable  character  of  its  inhabitants. 


Indiana. 

Of  Indiana  State,  the  ruling  Miss, 
Upon  West  Fork,  is  In'-di-an-ap'-o-lis. 

Known  for  her  vineyards,  by  the  Ohio's  tide, 
Where  lives  New  Albany,  is  Vevay  spied. 


Indiana. 

Smallest  of  the  Western  States,  though 
one  of  the  most  fertile  and  prosperous. 

It  resembles  Ohio  in  surface,  soil  and  climate. 

The  people  of  this  state,  as  well  as  in  all  of  the 
Western  States,  are  chiefly  employed  in  agricul 
tural  pursuits. 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


On  the  same  tide,  makes  Madison  her  lair ; 
Where,  from  Columbus,  drives  the  railroad  car. 
With  Lawrenceburg  let  Cambridge  City  mix  ; 
Though  space  divides  them,  miles,  just  seventy  six. 

Vineennes,  Terre  Haute,  and  Covington,  we  rank  \tere  Jtote] 
With  1  .a  Fayette,  all  on  the  Wabath  bank. 
There,  Delphi  keeps;  there,  Logansport  is  known; 
There  stand  Peru,  VV  abash,  and  Huntington. 
Northeast  from  this,  bound  by  the  tow-path  chain, 
Where  loams  Mauwee,  in  Allen,  is  Fort  Wayne. 
South  Bend  is  where  6V.  Josepk's  billows  break ; 
As  Michigan  City  smiles  above  the  Lake. 

Ohio. 

Columbus  reigns  upon  Ohio's  soil, 
While  at  her  feet  Sdoto's  waters  boil. 
With  Steubenville,  and  one  called  Marietta, 
On  the  Ohio  tide,  is  Cincinnati. 
And  Sidney,  Troy,  and  Dayton,  find  a  home, 
Upon  Miami's  banks,  with  Hamilton. 
Cleveland  is  north,  where  Erie  chants  her  ditty ; 
As,  west  from  Cleveland,  stands  Sandusky  City. 
Lower  Sandusky,  where  Sandusky's  billow 
Gives  Tiffin,  and  Bucyrus,  each,  a  pillow. 
In  Ot-ta-wa',  Port  Clinton,  finds  a  spot ; 
Huron,  in  Erie,  must  not  be  forgot. 

Nor  walk,  and  Mansfield,  with  Mount  Vernon,  lain 
From  Erk-,  south  ;  while  v\  ooster  lives  in  Wayne. 
And  smith  of  Wayne  is  Millersburg  the  while ; 
As  north,  Medina,  and  Elyria,  smile. 
Northwest  of  all,  where  foams  the  dark  Maumce, 
(Jharloe,  Defiance,  and  Napoleon  see : 

And  Perrysburg  lives  by  the  Mawrnee  stream  ; 
Where,  further  down,  Toledo's  turrets  beam. 

With  Bryan,  Paulding  and  Van  Wert,  are  west, 
Olina,  Greenville,  Eaton,  and  the  rest. 
Putnam  and  Findlay,  near  the  dark  Atiglaize  ; 
Lima,  and  Kenton,  both,  are  south  of  these. 

Dresden  and  Zanesville,  o'er  MusHngum  bide  ; 
McConnellsville  is  seated  down  the  tide. 

Logan,  and  Athens,  on  the  Hocking  stay  ; 
Jackson,  and  Chester,  south  of  them  may  lay. 
With  Pomeroy,  Galliopolis  lives  ever, 
By  Burlington,  on  the  Ohio  river. 

From  Cleveland,  soxith,  along  the  tow-path  side, 
Cuyahoga  Falls  with  Akron  are  espied  ; 
Fulton  and  Massillon  we  likewise  view  ; 
Then  Bolivar  and  Philadelphia  too  : 
Coshocton  next,  then  Newark,  Circleville, — 
The  last  is  where  Scioto't  waves  distill ; 


Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  beef  and  pork,  are 
raised  in  vast  quantities,  with  half  the  work  nec 
essary  in  the  Eastern  States. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  on  West  Fork,  of  White  river, 
is  the  capital. 

Vevay  is  noted  for  its  vineyards,  planted  by 
Swiss  emigrants. 

New  Albany  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town 
in  the  state. 

Michigan  City  is  the  only  good  port  in  the  state, 
on  Lake  Michigan. 


Ohio. 

Called  the  Buck  Eye  State.  It  is  desti 
tute  of  mountains,  though  hilly  and  irregular 
along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river. 

Large  prairies  are  found  at  the  head  waters  of 
the  Scioto  and  Muskingum. 

This  state  is  noted  for  great  wealth  and  rapid 
increase  in  population. 

Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  river  give  it  great  ad 
vantages  for  commerce. 

It  was  settled  as  late  as  1789,  yet,  in  point  of 
population,  is  the  third  state  in  the  Union. 

CoLU>inrs,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Seioto  river.  Its  site  was  selected  in 
1812,  as  the  seat  of  the  legislature,  and  was  then 
an  entire  wilderness. 

Cincinnati,  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  the 
southwest  part  of  the  state,  is  one  of  the  largest 
cities  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  It  is  one  hundred 
and  fifteen  miles  southwest  of  Columbus,  tour 
hundred  and  ninety  from  Washington,  and  altout 
nine  hundred  from  the  city  of  New  York,  by  the 
Buffalo  and  I  .ake  Erie  route.  This  city,  in 
1795,  contained  but  500  inhabitants;  in  1800, 
750;  in  1820,  the  population  was  9,640;  in  1830, 
24,000;  in  18-10,46.000;  in  1847,  the  popula 
tion  had  reached  as  high  as  90,000;  and,  at  th« 
present  time,  probably  exceeds  100,000. 

The  climate  of  this  city  is  subject  to  consider 
able  extremes  of  beat  and  cold,  but  is  generally 
considered  healthy. 

Cincinnati  is  noted  and  distinguished  as  l«ing 
the  greatest  pork  market  in  the  world. 

The  streets  that  run  east  and  west  are  denomi 
nated  First,  Second,  Thin],  Fourth,  &c. ;  those 
that  run  north  and  south  are  named ;  as.  Elm, 
Race,  Vine,  Walnut,  Main,  &c.  The  city  is  be 
tween  the  river,  on  the  south,  and  a  high  hill  sur 
rounding  it  on  the  east,  north  and  west ;  the  streets 
that  run  north  and  south  extend  from  the  river  to 
the  hill. 

Cleveland  is  the  principal  port  for  this  state,  on 
Lake  Erie.  Its  advantages  for  trade  and  com 
merce  are  great.  The  city,  with  the  exception  of 
that  part  bordering  on  the  Cuyahoga  river,  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  United  States.  Tl«e 
streets  are  all  wide,  and  the  houses  are  neat  and 
beautifully  shaded  with  trees. 


WESTERN     STATES. 


And  Chillicothe  standing  further  south, 

Drinks  from  this  tide  with  Piketon  and  Portsmouth. 

East  from  Miami,  west  Sd'ifo'n  furrow, 

Are  London,  Washington,  and  one  Hillsboro. 

In  Clinton,  Wilmington;  (West  Union  count.) 

Georgetown  in  Brown,  Batavia  in  Clermont 

Urbaria  lies,  witli  Springfield  by  her  side,        * 

W  here  roars  Mud  rirer,  in  its  might  and  prii'e. 

Xenia,  from  Springfield,  south,  is  found  in  Gieene ;  (Zenia) 

In  Warren  county,  Lebanon  is  seen. 

Bellefonte,  from  Springfield  north,  in  Loga'i  know  ; 

As  Woodlield,  east,  is  stationed  in  Monroe. 

And  Marysvillc,  Marion,  and  Delaware, 

Near  the  glad  waters  of  Scioto  fare. 

Lan-cas-ter  lives  in  Fairfield  county  yet; 

While,  in  the  county  east,  is  Somerset. 

In  Guernsey  county,  Cambridge  numbers  one ; 

St.  Clairsville  next,  Cadiz  and  Carrollton. 

As,  one  New  Lisbon  rules  Columbiana, 

And  Canton  Stark ;  o'er  Portage  is  Ravenna. 

From  Portage,  north,  Chardon  and  Painesviile  tread. 

Warren  is  east,  in  Trumbull  county  bred. 

Northeast  of  all,  is  Ash  tabula  known, 

Whose  county  town  is  christened  Jefferson. 


Michigan. 

Southeast  the  State  of  Michigan,  in  sight 
Of  her  dark  waters,  is  the  town  Detroit. 
Adrian,  Tecumseh  and  the  fair  Monroe, 
Where  River  Raisin  murmurs  in  its  flow. 
And  Ypsilanti  on  the  rail-way  keeps 
In  Washtenaw,  where  Huron  River  sweeps. 
Ann  Arbor  then  with  Dexter  we  may  view, 
Then  Jackson  comes,  Marshall  and  Kalamazoo. 
Paw  Paw  is  next,  and  last  of  all  St.  Joe, 
Where  the  dark  waters  of  St.  Josejj/is  flow. 

And  Hills-dale,  Branch,  and  Niles,  and  Cen-tre-vilte, 

With  Bcr-ri-en,  where  St.  Joseph's  waters  spiH. 

As  Shelby,  northward  from  Detroit,  we  track; 

From  Shelby,  west,  is  seated  Pontiac. 

Near  St.  Clmr  Lake,  Mt.  Clemens  seeks  repose; 

St.  Cl:iir  is  where  the  St.  Clair  rirer  flows. 

From  Pontiac.  west,  Howell  the  first  we  scan  ; 

'1  hen  Bellvue  comes,  Hastings,  and  Allegan. 

Grand  Haven,  at  the  mouth  of  river  Grand, 

Just  opposite  Milwaukee,  takes  her  stand. 

Grand  Rapids,  with  I-o-ni-a,  up  this  stream, 

Where  Landing  lives,  as  capital,  I  ween. 

Corunnn,  Flint,  Port  Huron,  and  La-Peer, 

A  re  in  the  counties  stationed  east  of  here. 

And  Mackinaw  keeps  in  an  open  Strait, 

'Tween  Michigan  and  Huron,  'tis  the  gate; 

Uj)on  a  dusky  isle  her  bulwarks  flame, 

A  fortress  strong,  and  owned  by  Uncle  Sam. 


Zanesville,  on  the  Muskingum,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Licking  river,  is  a  flourishing  town. 

Sandusky  City  is  on  Sandusky  Bay,  upwards 
of  one  hundred  miles  from  Columbus. 

Dayton,  on  the  Miami,  sovthwestof  Wrolf  run, 
is  considered  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  the 
state.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Miami  Canal  that  con 
nects  it  with  Cincinnati. 

Chillicothe,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Scioto,  has 
a  beautiful  situation. 

Steul>enville  is  in  Jefferson  county,  in  the  east 
ern  part  of  the  state,  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  in  a 
coal  district. 

The  internal  improvements  in  this  state  are 
rapidly  progressing,  and  in  eitent  are  second  to 
no  state  but  New  York. 

The  most  important  are  as  follows : 

LENGTH. 

Ohio  Canal  and  branches 335  miles. 

Miami  Canal  and  branches, 84 

Miami  Extension  Canal  and  branches,  l'J8 

W  abash  and  Erie  Canal, 91 

Walhonding  ('anal, 25 

Hocking  Canal, 56 

Muskingum  Improvement 91 

Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad,  .    160 
Little  Miami  Railroad, 140 

Michigan. 

Noted  for  its  great  commercial  advan 
tages,  its  mines  of  copper,  forests  of  pine,  and 
for  its  rapid  improvement. 

It  consists  of  two  great  peninsulas,  one  be 
tween  lakes  Michigan  and  Huron;  the  other 
between  lakes  Michigan  and  (Superior. 

The  copper  mines  are  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Superior. 

LANSIKG,  the  new  capital,  is  on  Grand  river, 
near  the  center  of  the  state. 

•Detroit,  the  largest  and  most  important  town 
in  the  state,  is  favorably  situated  for  commerce 
and  trade,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  on 
the  Detroit  river.  It  is  the  half  way  house  for 
boats  and  vessels  running  between  Buffalo  and 
Chicago. 

Adrian,  Tecumseh  and  Monroe,  are  flourishing 
towns  on  the  Raisin  river. 

Ypsilanti  is  in  Washtinaw  county,  on  Huron 
river. 

Ann  Arbor,  Dexter,  Jackson,  Marshall,  Kala 
mazoo,  Pnw  Paw,  &c.,  are  the  principal  places  on 
the  Railroad  that  crosses  the  state  east  and  west. 
St.  Joseph  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph's 
river.  Hillsdule,  Niles'  Branch,  Ccriterville  and 
Berrien  are  all  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  state, 
on  the  same  river. 

Shelby  is  situated  north  of  .Detroit 

Grand  Haven,  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  river,  is 
opposite  Milwaukee,  in  Wisconsin,  on  the  western 
shores  of  the  lake. 

Mackinaw  is  noted  for  its  fortification*,  and  for  the 
animal  meeting  of  (lie  Indians  to  receive  (heir  yearly 
stipend  from  the  United  Stales'  government. 


26                                   POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

Illinois. 

Illinois. 

Springfield  is  capital  of  Illinois,     (Illinoy) 

Where  river  San'-ga-mon  her  notes  employ. 

Chi-ca'-go  reigns  the  chief  of  all  the  clan, 

^~          '^lb 

With  Little  Fort  beside  Lake  Michigan. 

|H 

Lockport  and  Ju-li-et'  with  Dresden,  twain, 

J|B  SKj8Bffl«Vi    i'  "i  JL 

Are  near  Chicago,  on  the  dark  Des  Plains.  (De  Plain) 

M 

And  Illinois,  to  Ot-ta-wa  may  roar, 

^jfjSK& 

Peru,  Pc-o-ri-a,  and  Ha-van-na  —  four  : 

ySfjj&iiJliuSf^^  -  BroSillliiJ  ^%5^r 

Then  Beardstown  comes,  and  Mer-e-do-«ia's  seen  ; 

^y^^rTf^^StniinP^^^^^^^^'y^ 

As,  east  this  tide,  is  Carrolton,  in  Greene. 

"    •«&^^?^R^*t>-^^^^w'^x 

Prairie  on  Fire. 

,       Ga-le'-na,  noted  for  her  mines  of  lead, 

The  prairies  of  the  Western  Stale*  are  every  yeai 

Northwest  of  all,  by  Fever  River  bred, 

swept  over  by  fire.    The  view,  wlien  the  tall  grass  it 
thoroughly  dried  and  the  flames  ;irc  aided  liy  a  strong 
wind,  is  one  truly  magnificent  ami  sublime. 

Rock  Island,  first  on  Mississippi  view, 

And  then  the  Mormon  city,  called  Nau-voo. 

Noted  for  rapid  increase  in  population, 

Then  Warsaw  comes,  and  Quincy  next  we  rhyme  ; 
'  And  Al'-ton,  noted  for  her  coal  and  lime. 

and  great  fertility. 
Agriculture  is  the  chief  employment  of  the 
people. 

Kas-kas'-kia,  a  French  town  further  south, 

head  is  found  at  Galena,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 

With  Cai  -ro  seated  by  Ohio's  mouth. 

the  state,  in  great  abundance. 
The  canal,  connecting  Lake  Michigan  with  the 

Anr1  Shelby  ville,  Vandalia,  and  Carlisle, 

Illinois  river,  is  now  complete. 

Along  the  banks  of  fair  Kaskaskia  smile. 
Monmouth  and  Knoxville  near  each  other  rart; 

PmtNGFiELD.  live  eapiral.  is  on  the  Snngninon  river. 
Chicago,  one  of  the  largest   towns   in  the  West,  is 

Macon  and  Carthage,  from  Peoria,  west. 
And  Kushville,  Woodville,  and  Columbus,  throng; 

at  the  head  of  Lake  Micliigan. 
Nauvoo.  on  the  Mississippi,  is  noted  as  the  Mormon 
Citv. 

Near  (Quincy,  is  the  place  they  all  belong. 

Alton  is  noted  for  its  coal  and  lime. 

From  Springfield,  west,  has  Jacksonville  her  fare  ; 

Gulenu  for  its  lead  mine*. 

Known  for  the  college  that  is  stationed  there. 

And,  by  the  Wabasfi,  Danville  sits  her  down; 

While,  on  the  Ohio  tide,  is  Shawneetown 

p 

Missouri 

Missouri. 

The  largest  state  in  the  union,  with  the 

exception  of  Texas,  and  noted  for  its  great  mine* 

And  Jefferson  City  on  a  high  bluff  smiles, 

ral  resources. 
This  state  lies  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  is 

Up  the  Missouri  tide  twice  sixty  miles,     (120) 

intersected    from   west  to  east  by   the    Missouri 

On  the  same  tide,  just  twenty  from  its  mouth, 

river,  the  great  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. 
The  mines  of  lead,  iron,  salt,  coal,  &c.,  are 

St.  Charles  is  on  the  north  bank,  not  the  south, 

inexhaustible,  and  constitute  the  wealth  of  the 

And  Independence,  west  of  all  hath  laid,  her, 
From  whence  for  Santa  Fe,  leaves  many  a  trader. 

state. 
Iron  Mountain  is  a  mass  of  pure  iron,  350  feet 
high,  and  two  miles  in  circuit.     Pilot  Knob  is 

St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi  's  seen, 

another  mass  600  feet  high,  and  three  miles  in 
circuit. 

1    Down  from  Missouri's  mouth  miles  seventeen, 

From  New  Orleans,  twelve  hundred  up  the  tide, 
)    Missouri's  largest  town,  Missouri's  pride. 

JEFFERSON  CITT,  the  capital,  is  on  a  high 
bluff,  one  hundred  ar.d  twenty  miles  up  the  Mis 
souri  river. 

And  from  St.  Louis,  seventy  miles  southwest, 
Po-to'-siTives,  known  for  her  lead  the  best. 

St.  Louis  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the 
Western  States,  and  bids  fair  to  become  one  of 
the  first  in  the  union. 

*  Pronounced  in  English  Po-to'-ti;  in  Spanith,  Po-to-*i', 

WESTERN    STATES. 


Iowa. 


Sac  Indians  Speuring  F.sh 

The  Sac  Indians  in  this  state  subsist  by  hunting,  trapping  and  fishing. 
The  above  cut  represents  them  spearing  fish 

I'owa  City  sits  the  first  in  state, 
Up  her  fair  stream  a  cypher  and  an  eight,     (80) 
From  the  state  limits  forty  miles  or  more, 
Is  Burlington,  on  Mississij)pi's  shore  ; 
And  north  of  this  is  Bloomingtoa  espied, 
With  Davenport  upon  the  western  side  ; 
Ca-man'-che  next,  then  Be!l'-vue  and  Dubuqe', 
Known  for  her  lead,  beside  this  giant  brook. 

Wisconsin. 

Between  two  lakes  holds  Madison  her  rule, 
And  of  the  Badger  State  is  capital. 
Beloit  and  Janesville  on  Rock  River  bide, 
As  Prai-rie-du-Chien  drinks  Mississippi's  tide  ; 
And  Mineral  Point  is  near  Potosi  bred  ; 
These  two  are  noted  for  their  mines  of  lead. 
Lake  Michigan,  She-boy '-a-gan  gazes  o'er, 
Milwaukee  next,  Ra-cine'  and  Southport  four. 
As  Wau-ke-sha'  we  from  Milwaukee  track, 
On  Winnebago  Lake  is  Fond  du  Lac', 
And  North  of  all,  where  the  Fox  River  sweeps, 
Upon  Green  Bay,  Green  Bay  her  station  keeps. 


Oregon. 

This  territory  lies  north  of  California,  and  between  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  Is  noted  for  being  the  great 
Western  division  of  the  United  States  ;  as  well  as  for  the  enormous 
growth  of  its  pines,  which  are  sometimes  found  250  feet  high. 

The  soil,  west  of  the  Cascade  Range,  is  represented  as  extremely 
productive. 

Oregon  City  stands  in  a  fertile  valley  near  the  falls  of  Willamette 
river ;  it  contains  upwards  of  500  inhabitants. 

Astoria  is  near  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river. 


Iowa. 

The  Northwest  State  of  the  union. 
Noted  for  its  fertility  and  lead  mines. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  cast  by  the  Mississippi 
river,  which  separates  it  from  the  states  of  Illinois 
and  Wisconsin. 

The  soil  is  uncommonly  fertile ;  large  crcj>s  of 
corn,  oats  wheat,  <fcc,,  are  raised  with  but  little 
labor. 

The  lead  mines  of  this  state,  with  those  of 
Wisconsin,  Illinois  and  Missouri,  are  the  richest 
in  the  world. 

IOWA  CITT,  the  capital,  is  on  Iowa  river. 

Burlington  is  noted  as  being  favorably  situated 
for  trade. 

Dubuque  is  in  one  of  the  greatest  lead  districts 
in  the  world. 


Wisconsin.       i 

The  Badger  State.  Bounded  on  the 
east  by  Lake  Michigan,  on  the  wist  by  the  Mis 
sissippi  river.  These  waters  give  it  great  facilities 
for  commerce. 

It  U  noted  for  its  valuable  lead  mines,  its  tcrtiie 
soil,  beautiful  oak  openings  and  numerous  fine 
prairies. 

The  southern  part  of  tno  state  presents  one  of 
the  best  farming  districts  in  the  union. 

The  population  is  a  multifarious  mass  of 
Europeans  and  Americans.  The  former  are 
characterised  for  their  industry  and  temj>erate 
habits;  the  latter  for  superic/  intelligence  and 
enterprise. 

MADISOX,  between  Third  and  Fourth  lakes,  is  the 
capital. 

Milwaukee,  the  hirprest  town  in  the  state,  is  noted 
tori!"  rapid  advancements  in  wealth,  population  and 
importance. 

California. 


Gold  Digging  in  California. 


This  country  v-as  once  claimed  by  Mexico,  but 
was  ceiled  to  the  Unia-d  States  l.y  treaty,  in  liMA  It 
lies  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  east,  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 

It  is  noted  for  the  vast  quantity  of  gold  found  within 
its  )>order<>.  The  gol  •  is  dug  from  the  mountains  and 
rocks,  arid  from  the  sand  in  the  beds  of  the  river*. 


28 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


MEXICO    AND    GAUTAM-ALA. 


Mexico. 


The  City  of  Mexico. 

MEXICO  JR  one  of  the  oldest  cities  on  the  Western  Continent.  It  is 
situated  seven  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  on  the  table,  lands. 
Upon  the  South  are  seen  some  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Cordilleras,  and 
among  them  Popocatepetl,  a  large  volcano  that  is  crowned  with  perpetual 
snow. 

And  Mexico,  high  on  the  table  lands, 
In  the  interior  of  the  province  stands, 
Above  the  sea  full  seven  thousand  feet, 
Adorned  with  temples  rich  and  structures  great 
Fair  lakes  are  there,  arrayed  in  evergreen  ; 
High  mountain  peaks  upon  the  south  are  seen : 
There  Popocatepetl  smokes  all  below, 
From  its  hiurh  summit,  covered  o'er  with  snow. 


Saiita  Anna. 

The  above  cut  represent*  the  renowned  Mexican 
lender  in  the  war  with  the  United  Stales,  and  fo-mer 
president  of  the  Republic. 

The  City  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Vera  Cruz  is  noted  for  its  Castle  of  San  Juan  D'Ulloa.  one  of  strongest 
in  the  world,  and  which  cost  $40,000 000  to  build  it.  It  was  taken  by  the 
United  Slates'  tinny  under  Gen.  Scott,  during  the  late  Mexican  war,  but 
was  restored  by  treaty. 

For  her  castle  famed,  from  Mexico  due  east, 
Is  Ve'-ra  Cruz,  three  hundred  miles,  at  least. 
Southeast  from  Mexico,  full  eighty  miles, 
Famed  for  her  churches,  La  Pu-e-bla  smiles. 
*0a-xa'-ca,  on  this  course,  two  hundred,  stands, 
Inhabited  by  numerous  Indian  bands  ; 
While  south,  one,  eighty,  Ac-a-pul'-co  keeps,  [180 
For  her  harbor  known  by  the  Pacific  deeps. 

•  _  r  The   Camanehe  Indians,   inhabiting   the  northern 

In  the  interior.  Gua-na-XUa'-tO  shines,   f  gwa-na-wka-ta    part  of  Mexico,  are  of  *  brnve  and  hostile  character. 

1  !  Mounted  on  their  swift  horses,  they   roani  over  the 

With  Zac-a-te'-cas  near  the  Silver  mines.  ,  vast  plains,  attacking  caravans  and  every  th.nu  that 

will  afford  them  booty  and  plunder. 

•Wa-ha'-ca.  I 


Mexico. 

Noted  for  its  mines  of  silver  and  gold, 
the  former  of  which,  have  furnished  more  than 
half  the  silver  of  the  known  world. 

It  was  once  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire, 
over  which  presided  a  race  of  kings,  termed 
"the  Moiitezuiuas." 

It  was  invaded  and  conquered  by  Cortez,  a 
Spuiibli  adventurer,  in  152i;  and  became  a 
province  of  Spain  till  1821,  when  it  was  de 
clared  independent,  and  a  republican  form  ol 
government  established. 


Camanche  Indian  on  Horseback. 


MEXICO    AND     GUATAMALA. 


29 


The  Pyramid  of  Cholula, 

The  Pyramid  of  Cholula.  in  magnitude,  rivals  the  great  Egyptian  Pyra 
mid  of  (Jizeh.  It  is  only  250  fuel  high,  but  its  length  and  breadth  are 
133.3  teet.  while  the  Kgyptian  Pyramid  is  only  728  feet.  On  its  top  was 
a  temple  dedicated  to  the  sun.  It  was  built  of  ur.burnt  brick. 

Que-re'-ta-ro,  for  beauty,  has  renown ;  [ka-ra-ta-ro 
As,  for  her  pyramid,  Cho-lu'-la  's  known,  [co-lu'-la 

And  Mat-a-mo-ras,  on  the  Ri-o  Grande,  \re-o-grand 
Just  o'er  the  stream  from  Texas,  takes  her  stand. 
Re-sa-ca  de-la  Pahn'-a's  bloody  ground, 
With  Pa'-lo  Al'-to,»  north  of  this  is  found. 
While  west  from  here,  twice  eighty  miles  away,    [160 
On  San  Fernando's  bank,  is  Monterey,  [mon-te-ra 

From  Monterey,  southwest,  behold  Saltillo, 
Near  Bue'-na  Vis'ta's  battle  field  her  pillow. 

From  Mat-a-mo'-ras,  south,  Tampico  smiles, 
Along  the  coast  two  hundred  eighty  miles. 
While  west  from  here,  San  Louis  Potosi,  \lue  potosee' 
Upon  Tarn-pi' -co  river  makes  her  stay,  \tam-pee-co 

Guatamala. 

San  Salvador,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
For  indigo  her  trade  is  noted  most ; 

Old  Guatamala,  once  a  splendid  city, 
Though  of  earthquakes  now  they  sing  a  mournful  ditty. 

New  Guatamala,  five-and-twenty  miles  [25 
From  the  old  town,  in  wealth  and  commerce  smiles. 

Guatamala  is  n  land  of  volcanoes ;  upwards  of  twenty  volcanic 
peaks,  in  constant  activity  are  seen  in  that  part  of  the  Cordilleras 
chain  which  is  circumscribed  within  the  territory  of  this  province. 
The  eruption  of  the  Volcano  of  Casiguina,  in  1834,  was  one  of  the 
most  terrible  and  sublime  upon  record.  The  noise  was  heard  for 
more  than  a  thousand  miles,  and  its  ashes  were  carried  more  than 
eight  hundred. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


Prnsaoola, 
Mobile, 
Sabine. 
Vcra  Cruz,  - 
Tsmpico 


Prn-ta-coo'-la. 
Mobeel. 
Sa-bten'. 
Vera  Cruse. 
Tampe'-eo. 


Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Re-mck'-a  de-ta 


Palm-, 


St.  Augustine,     St.  Augusttn'. 
Natchitoches,     tfasfi  i-losh. 
Terre  Haute, 
Oaxaca, 


Monterey, 
Chihuahua, 


Tare  HoU. 
ll'a-ha'-ca. 
Mon-te-ray. 
S/u-wau'-wau. 


La  Puebla  is  famous  for  its  beautiful  churches. 

Oaxaca,  200  miles  S.  E.  of  the  city  of  Mexico, 
is  inhabited  by  bands  and  tribes  of  Indians. 

Acapulco  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  harbor,  which 
is  the  most  capacious  in  the  world. 

Guanaxaco  and  Zacatecas  are  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  silver  mines. 

Querataro  is  renowned  as  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  towns  in  Mexico. 

Cholula  is  noted  for  its  wonderful  pyramid, 
made  of  unbumt  brick. 

Rcsaca  de  la  Palma,  Palto  Alto,  Monterey, 
and  Buena  Vista,  arc  noted  for  victories  gained 
by  the  United  States'  army  under  Gen.  Taylor. 

The  gold  mines  of  Mexico  are  inferior  to 
those  of  Brazil,  Peru  and  Siberia ;  but  the  rich 
ness  of  its  silver  mines  is  without  a  parallel,  and 
have  produced  more  of  the  silver  coin  than  all 
the  rest  of  the  world  put  together.  They  are 
mostly  found  in  the  vicinities  of  Guanaxuato  and 
Zacatecas. 

The  Mexican  Mint  is  capable  of  stomping  from 
75,000  to  $100,000  in  one  hour's  time.  It  is 
estimate!  by  some  that  the  whole  amount  of 
money  coined  in  this  establishment  exceeds  three 
billions  of  dollars. 

LOWER  CALIFORNIA  is  a  narrow  peninsula  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  Mexico.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Upper  California,  on  the  east 
by  the  Gulf  of  California,  on  the  south  and  west 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  soil  is  of  a  sandy, 
dry  nature,  and  the  population  small. 


Guatamala. 

Noted  for  numerous  volcanoes  and  fre 
quent  earthquakes,  and  for  remarkable  ruins 
found  within  its  borders. 

It  was  conquered  by  Spain  in  1524,  and  helJ 
as  a  Spanish  province  until  1821 ;  when  it  dtv 
clared  itself  independent,  adopting  a  republican 
form  of  government. 

SAW  SALVAHOR,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a 
very  fertile  valley,  and  is  noted  for  its  extensive 
trade  in  indigo  and  tobacco. 

Old  Guatamala  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
in  1775.  It  has  sustained  several  shocks  from 
the  Water  Volcano. 


BALTZK  SETTLEMENT. — This  settlement  was 
established  and  is  owned  by  the  British,  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  logwood  and  mahogany. 

It  extends  along  the  Cay  of  Honduras  150 
miles.  It  is  inhabited  by  negioes,  Indians  and  a 
few  whites. 

BALIZK,  the  capital,  ia  a  small  town,  which 
exports  logwood  and  mahogany  to  the  amount 
of  $1,500,000  annually. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Commerce  of  the  Andes,  carried  by  Mules  and  Lamas. 


Noted  as  having  loftier  ranges  of  mountains,  larger  rivers,  a  greater  number  of 
volcanoes,  more  extensive  plains,  richer  mines  of  precious  minerals,  and  sublimer 
natural  scenery,  than  any  other  division  of  the  globe. 


Capes. 

Cape  Ve-la,  fin*,  by  Mar-a-cay'-bo  stands, 
Most  northern  point  of  Mew  Grenada's  lands; 
Orange  and  North,  in  fifty  longitude, 
Above  the  line,  near  French  Guiana  brood. 
Five  south,  five  west  of  thirty,  Cape  St.  Roque,  [StJtoJte 
Eastward  of  all,  in  Am-a-zo'-ni-a  cloke. 
'Tween  twenty  and  the  line  called  Capricorn, 
St.  Thomas  and  Cape  Fri'-ar  both  are  born. 
From  thirty-five  to  forty,  as  we  go, 
Are  Corientes  and  St.  An-lo'-ni-o. 

Cape  Horn,  near  fifty-six,  stands  by  his  post, 
On  Ter-ra-del-Fu-e'-go's  southern  coast 

And  St.  Fran-da' -co  and  Cape  Blanco  rtay, 
On  the  western  coast  of  south  America. 


Rivers. 

The  Port  Desire  and  Cam-a*ra'-ncs  fall, 
With  Ri'-o  Ne'-gro,  in  the  Atlantic  hall. 

The  Coi-o-raf-do  rolls  her  purpling  billow, 
From  Buenos  Ayres,  with  the  dark  Saladillo. 
From  here,  Salado  and  Vermejo  throng, 
Where  Paraguay  drowns  PiuomayO'a  song. 

PARAQUAT   AND    BRANCHES. 

East  of  Bolivia,  west  of  Par-«-guay', 
In  Am-a-zo'-nia  born,  pound  to  the  sea, 
O'er  Buen-os  Ayrcs  her  rich  and  native  home, 
The  Paraguay'  and  her  dark  branches  come. 

Round  Paraguay,  both  south  and  east  descried, 
Rolls  Pa-ra-na',  and  empties  in  her  tide ; 
Springing  from  Am-a-zo-ni-a's  province  wide, 

'Tween  Buenos  Ayres  and  fertile  Uraguay, 
Named  from  the  last,  a  river  makes  her  way ; 


And  U'ra-guay  and  Paraguay,  are  found 
In  Ri-o  de  la  Pla'-ta's  channel  bound. 

EASTERN    COAST    OF   BRAZIL. 
And  eastward  from  the  Amazonian  coast, 
In  the  same  deeps,  the  Diamond's  waves  are  lost 
The  St.  Francisco  and  Salgado  there 
With  one  Par-na'-tha,  in  his  deeps  appear. 

AMAZON  AND  BRANCHES SOUTHERN. 

To-can'-tins,  walled  with  Ar-a-guay1,  rolls  on 
In  Pa-ra's  tide,  or  mouth  of  Amazon. 
Xin'-gu,  To-pa'-jos  and  Ma-dti-ra  tread,  (zin-gu) 
With  Pu'-ros,  in  the  Amazonian  bed. 
Be-ni',  Ma-mo'-re,  Blan'-co,  and  dark  Gua-pore, 
Join  in  Madeira  from  Bolivia's  shore. 
And  Tef-fe,  Ju'-rua,  and  the  Ju'-tay  run,  (taf'-fa) 
From  Sol-y-mas'  to  mother  Amazon. 
And  from  Peru,  northward  the  Ucayale, 
With  dark  Hual-la'-go,  the  same  waters  hail,  (wal-la'-go') 

NORTHERN    BRANCHES. 

From  Eq-ua-dor',  Pa-tas'-eo  southward  goes. 
And  Na'-po  there  with  Pu-tu-7nay'-o  flows : 
Pu-pu'-ra  too,  that  ekirts  her  limits  north, 
With  Ne'-gro  from  Brazil  here  marshal  forth. 
While  from  Peru,  and  south  of  Eq-ua-dor', 
Queen  Amazon  treads  Amazonia  o'er. 

RIVERS    NORTH   OF   AMAZON 
l/oro'-w,  Su-ri-nam',  and  Dem-er~ra~ra,  (nut-roo'-ni) 

With  Es-tc-fjiti-bo.  from  Gui-an-a  hurry. 
From  Ven-e-7.ue'-la,  O-ro-no-co's  rolled ; 
A-pu'-re  there,  a  northern  branch,  Iwhold  : 

Two  branches  more,  we  from  Grcn-a'da  gather. 

Mc'-ta  is  one,  Gua-va'-ri  is  the  other. 

And  from  Grenada  where  Ca-rib'-bee  storms, 

The  Mag'-da-le'-na  rolls  with  Caw-ca  in  her  arms. 


30 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


31 


TOWNS    AND 

Brazil. 

Rio  Jan-ei'-ro,  in  a  country  fair, 
The  capital,  that  breathes  Brazilian  air. 

And  Per-nam-bu'-co  lives  upon  that  shore, 
With  Mar-an-ham'  and  fair  St.  Salvador. 

And  Rio  Grande,  so  famous  for  its  hides, 
Where  over  Palos  Lake  the  trader  glides. 


Diamond  Washing  in  Brazil. 

The  diamond  mined  of  Brazil  are  the  most  important  in  the  world. 
(They  are  worked  by  the  government.  The  cut  represents  the  manner  in 
•rhich  they  are  washed  from  the  sand. 

Tejuco,  for  its  diamonds  bought  and  sold ; 
And  Villa  Ri'-ca,  for  her  mines  of  Gold. 

Guiana. 

Georgetown,  the  English  capital,  may  tarry 
Along  the  mouth  of  river  Dem-er-ra'-ra. 

And  Par-a-mar'-a-bo  as  Dutch  we  name. 
Full  eighteen  miles  up  the  hot  Surinam. 

Cayenne,  well  fortified,  is  east  of  all, 
Upon  an  island,  and  belongs  to  Gaul. 

Buenos  Ayres. 

And  Buenos  Ayres  is  on  La  Plata  found, 
The  chief  emporium  of  the  province  round  ; 

San  Ju'-an*with  Men-do'-za  let  us  class, 
Because  each  stands  upon  a  mountain  past. 

Cor-do'-va  is  an  active  trading  town, 
And  Sal'-ta,  for  her  mules,  has  much  renown. 

Paraguay  and  Uruguay. 

San  Car-los  and  Conception  make  their  stay, 
With  fair  As-sump'-tion,  on  the  Par-a-guay. 

In  Uruguay,  was  Mon-ti-vi'-de-o  born, 
On  the  La  Plata  are  her  garments  worn. 


COUNTRIES. 


Brazil 

Noted  as  being  the  largest  of  the  South 
American  provinces ;  for  rich  gold  and  diamond 
mines,  and  for  having  been  once  governed  by  an 
European  sovereign  in  person. 

Its  area  is  recorded  as  high  as  three  millions 
of  square  miles. 

Brazil  was  a  colony  of  Portugal  till  181 2,  when 
it  was  declared  an  independent  state,  and  Pedro 
the  son  of  the  king  of  Portugal  was,  by  the 
people  of  Brazil,  made  Emperor.  The  popula 
tion  is  about  five  millions ;  the  greater  part  of 
which  are  negroes,  held  as  slaves.  The  com 
merce  is  greater  than  any  other  country  in  South 
America. 

Rio  Janeiro  is  the  most  populous  city  in  South 
America. 

Rio  Grande,  by  Lake  Palos,  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  hides. 

Tejuco  is  in  the  interior  of  the  diamond  district; 
and  Villa  Rica  of  the  gold  district. 


Guiana. 

Noted  as  being  the  only  portion  of 
South  America  still  under  the  control  of  Euro. 
pvan  powers. 

It  is  nearly  under  the  Equator  ;  and  on  the 
De'merrara  river,  and  other  parts,  is  said  to  be 
unhealthy. 

It  is  claimed  by  Great  Britain,  France  and 
Holland. 

The  land  along  the  coast  is  level  and  extremely 
fertile. 

The  area  is  estimated  at  150,000  to  160,000 
square  miles. 

Georgetown,  the  capital  of  English  Guiana,  is  at  the 
mouth  of  Demerrara  river. 

Paramarabo,  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana,  is  eighteen 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Surinam  river. 

Cayenne,  on  an  island  and  strongly  fortified,  belongs 
to  France. 

Buenos  Ayres. 

Noted  for  its  vast  pampas  or  plains, 
that  feed  immense  'herds  of  wild  cattle,  which  are 
taken  with  the  lasso  for  their  hides  and  tallow. 


TRKS,  the  capital  of  Buenos  Ayres,  or  the 
United  Provinces,  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  of 
South  America.  It  is  situated  about  200  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la  Vla;a;  it  is  well  built,  and 
has  a  large  share  of  commerce.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Spaniards  a*  early  as  1535. 

Paraguay  and  Uruguay. 

Noted  for  a  plant  called  matte,  or  Para 
guay  tea  ;  which  is  used  in  several  countries  of 
South  America  in  place  of  the  China  herb. 

Uruguay  is  noted  as  the  smallest  of  the  South 
American  provinces. 


32 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Venezuela. 


frcene  among  the  Mountains  of  Venezuela. 


CARACCASIS  eleva'.ed  nuiOiigthe  Andes.  3.000  feet  ab»ve  the  li-vel  ofne 
»ea.  It  was  destroyed  in  18!  2.  by  out:  of"  the  most  awful  <-arih<|iiake» 
upon  record.  The  inimbei  of  inhabitants  killed  is  estimated  ns  high  as 
ten  thousand.  La  Guayra.  seven  miles  distant,  is  iis  port. 

Ca-rac'-cas  from  the  earthquake  scarce  survives, 
Of  eighteen-twelve,  that  cost  ten  thousand  lives  ; 
Three  thousand  feet  she  climbs  the  mount  to  heaven  ; 
La  Guay'-ra  is  her  port,  miles  distant,  seven. 

There  Mar-a  -cay'-bo,  to  her  lake  allied, 
With  Cu-ma-ua',  that  smiles  above  the  tide, 

New  Grenada. 

Eight  thousand  feet  and  seven  hundred  more,  , 
Stands  Bo-go-ta',  o'er  New  Grenada's  shore  ; 
By  Bogota's  rough,  rolling  tide  her  state, 
Just  fifteen  miles  northeast  the  Cataract. 

From  Bogota',  southwest,  among  the  mountains, 
Proud  Po-pay-an'  hears Cau'-ca's  murmuring  fountains, 

Upon  che  northern  coast,  is  Carthagcna, 
Where-  roars  the  Charib  tide  and  Maydalena. 

As  Pan-a-ma'  along  the  south  we  follow, 
Upon  the  Isthmus,  north,  is  Porto  Bello. 

Chill. 

Val-div'-i-a  and  Conception,  Chili  keeps  \Chee'-le 
Along  her  shores  by  the  Pacific  deeps  ; 

And  Val-pa-rai'-so  opes  her  harbor  wide — 
The  port  for  San-ti-a'-go  near  her  side. 

Co-quim'-bo  of-hei  "opper  mines  may  boast; 
As  Huas'-co,  for  her  silver  's  valued  most. 

SANTIAGO.  HIP  capita!,  is  on  an  extensive  plain,  fifty  miles  from  sea. 
Valparau-o  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the  oort  for  Santiago. 


Venezuela. 

Noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Bolivar,  and 
for  its  ILmrias  or  plains,  that  support  large  herds 
of  wild  cuttle ;  the  tallow  anil  hides  of  which 
form  the  chief  articles  of  export.  It  has  an  area 
(jf  over  400,000  square  miles. 

This  province  is  watered  by  the  Oronoco  and 
its  hntnchcs.  This  great  river  is  subject  to  inun 
dations,  which  render  its  shores  uninhabitable,  but 
like  the  Nile  of  Egypt,  deposits  a  richness  and 
fertilizing  quality  to  the  soil. 

New  Grenada. 

Noted  as  embracing  the  Isthmus  of  Da- 
rien,  and  as  lying  upon  two  oceans-,  ft  has  an 
area  of  400,000  square  miles.  This  is  the  most 
northern  part  of  South  America,  and  contains 
some  of  its  sublimest  features.  The  great  though 
natural  Bridge  of  Icononza  extends  across  a 
crevice  or  chasm  between  two  perpendicular  walls 
of  rock,  at  the  bottom  of  which  flow*  the  torrent 
of  Sutnma  Paz.  The  arch  is  3fi()  feet  above  the 
water,  and  the  e  fleet  produced  by  looking  down 
is  said  to  be  painful. 

BOGOTA,  or  Santa  Fedc  Bogota,  8,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  is  the  capital. 


Falls  of  Tequendema. 


The  falls  of  Teqnendema.  in  the  river  Bogota,  fifteen 
miles  from  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  are  among  the  sub- 
limest  in  the  world.  The  River  Uocota  rises  9000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  »ea.  and  makes  its  way  over 
precipices  and  through  frightful  ravines  until  it  comes 
to  the  steep  of  Tequrndemn,  and  then  plunges  600 
feet  into  a  deep  and  awful  chasm. 

Chili 

Noted  for  its  delightful  climate,  and  for 
the  Aricaunians,  a  race  of  the  bravest  Indians 
on  the  continent ;  who  have  never  been  con 
quered.  Also  for  being  more  thickly  settled  than 
any  other  portion  of  South  America. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Desert  of 
Atacama ;  on  the  east  by  the  Andes-;  south  by 
Patagonia,  and  west  by  the  Pacific,  us  length  is 
OTer  1,200  miles,  and  average  width  about  150. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


33 


Peru. 

Seven  miles  from  sea,  upon  a  river,  narrow, 
Lima,  fair  city,  stands — famed  for  Pizarro ; 
Her  port,  Cal-la'-o,  beams  above  the  tide; 
Famed  for  its  harbor,  and  well  fortified. 

Cuzco,  where  once  the  Incas  held  the  throne, 
Now  noted  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun, 
From  Lima,  stands  five,  fifty  miles,  southeast,  [550 
And  in  the  interior  of  the  province  placed. 

'Tween  this  and  Lima,  on  the  Lima  road, 
Gu-an'-ca  Vel'-i-ca  makes  her  abode, 
Near  fourteen  thousand  feet  high  o'er  the  field, 
Sublime  she  sits  ;  her  mines  quicksilver  yield. 


Peru. 


The  ladies  of  Lima 
are  distinguished  for 
beauty,  vivacity,  co 
quetry,  love  of  dress, 
and  admiration.  In 
walking  abroad  they 
invest  themselves  in 
a  cloak  called  the 
rnnnta.  which  hide* 
their  face  from  view, 
So  thai  they  are  ena 
bled  to  pass  among 
their  most  intimate 
friends  without  being 
recognised. 


Interior  of  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at  Cuzco. 


Ladies  of  Lima. 


Peru  was  in 
vaded  by  Francis 
Pizarro,  a  Spanish 
adventurer,  in  the 
year  1531.  He 
made  the  meet,  or 
Peruvian  king,  his 
prisoner;  who  oi- 
fered  for  his  free 
dom,  as  much  gold 
as  would  fill  a  large 
room  in  his  palace, 
piled  as  high  as  he 
could  reach ;  which 
was  no  sooner  de 
livered  than  the 
blood  thirsty  Pizar 
ro  condemned  the 
innocent  king  to  a 
cruel  death. 

At  the  time  of 
Pizarro' s  invasion, 
the  Peruvians  were 
fire  worshipers. 

The  empire,  ac 
cording  to  their  tra 
dition,  was  founded 
by  Manco  Capac, 
in  the  10th  or  llth 
century;  whose  first 
appearance  was  on 
a  small  island  in 
hake  Titticaca.  He 
avowed  himself  and 
wife  to  be.  children 
of  the  suiw  sent 
down  to  erUhten 
and  civilize  the  na 
tions.  He  taught 
the  men  agriculture 
and  olher  useful 
arts,  whilst  his  wife 
instructed  the  wo 
men  in  spinning, 
weaving  and  other 
domestic  affairs. 


34 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


Peru  is  noted  for  its  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver ;  and  for  having 

_  been  the  seat  of  one  of  the  most  civilized  nations  in  South  America. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Equador ;  east  by  Brazil ;  south  by 

Bolivia ;  west  and  southwest  by  the  Atlantic.     The  area  is  reck- 

"  oned  at  500,000  square  miles.     Rain  seldom  or  never  falls  on  the 

Coast  of  Peru,  south  of  Cape  Blanco.     The  earth,  from  June  to 

1  November,  is  wet  with  heavy  dews  and  fogs.     Cinchona  or  Peru- 

.'  vian  bark,  so  valuable  in  medicine,  is  obtained  from  this  country. 

The  coast  of  Peru  is  unfavorable  to  navigation,  and  with  the 
exception  of  Callao,  has  no  good  harbors.  The  surf  and  breakers 
are  so  tremendous  that  no  ordinary  boats  can  land,  or  reach  the 
shore.  To'  remedy  this  the  natives  inflate  with  air  large  b  gs, 
made  of  skins ;  of  which  a  sort  of  raft  is  constructed,  called  the 
balsa ;  with  this  they  are  enabled  to  load  and  unload  vessels. 

Equador. 


Quito  and  the  Andes. 


Quito  is  celebrated  in  Geography  for  its  sublime  elevation,  and  unpar 
alleled  and  unequalled  serenity  of  climate.  It  is  situated  among  the  An 
des.  9000  feel  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  and  though  under  th>»  equator, 
bus  an  atmosphere  fraught  with  eternal  April. 

Qui-to  is  seated  on  her  mountain  throne, 
Nine  thousand  feet,  and  in  a  burning  zone ; 
Perpetual  spring  around  those  summits  keep. 
And  pure  the  zephyr  in  its  gentle  sweep. 

And  Guayaquil,  chief  port  of  Equador, 
From  this  is  south,  along  the  surf  beat  shore. 

Bolivia. 

La  Plata,  in  Bo-liv'-i-a,  we  see, 
Much  noted  for  its  splendid  scenery. 
As  Po-to-si'  is  known  for  silver  mines,  [po-to-see 
La  Paz',  from  Potosi,  northwestward  shines. 

LA  PLATA,  or  Chuquisaca,  the  capital  of  Bolivia,  is  noted  for 
the  splendid  scenery  found  in  its  vicinity. 

PATAOOWIA  is  noted  as  being  the  coldest  and  most  southern 
portion  of  South  America ;  also  for  the  gigantic  stature  of  the 
IniUfcs  that  inhabit  it.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  east  by  the  Atlantic ;  south  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  and 
west  by  the  Pacific.  Its  area  is  estimated  at  300,000  square  miles. 

The  natives  of  this  country  are  probably  the  tallest  and  most 
gigantic  in  the  world ;  their  average  hight  being  six  feet  and  a  half. 

PRONUNCIATION. 


Buenos  Ayres,  Bwcf-noi  Ayrex. 
Quito,    -    -      Ke-to. 


Lima,     • 


Le'-ma. 


Guyaquil,      Gau-a-keel. 
Rio  Janeiro,  Rio  Jan-c'-ro. 

Cuiaba,          Ki-a'-ba. 


LIMA,  the  capital  of  Peru,  is  situated  in  a  rich 
vale,  watered  by  the  Rimac.  It  is  celebrated 
mostly  for  its  founder,  Francis  Pizarro.  The 
streets  are  wide  and  regular.  In  the  middle  of 
the  town  is  the  Great  Square,  one  of  the  largest 
and  finest  in  America ;  in  the  middle  of  which  is 
a  large  fountain  having  a  bronze  statue  of  Fame 
in  the  center. 

C.UZCO,  550  miles  southeast  of  Lima,  is  noted 
as  having  been  the  capital  of  the  Incas,  or  Peru 
vian  kings ;  and  also  for  containing  the  remains 
of  a  magnificent  temple  of  the  Sun,  the  interior 
'  view  of  which  is  given  on  the  foregoing  page. 

Guanca  Velica,  between  Cuzco  and  Lima,  has 
the  highest  elevation  of  any  town  on  the  glbbe, 
excepting  Potosi,  which  is  probably  as  high.  Itt 
mines  of  quicksilver  were  once  sources  of  great 
wealth. 

Equador 

Noted  as  lying  under  the  equator,  and 
for  containing  some  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the 
Andes.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts ;  Equador, 
Guayaquil  and  Assuay. 

Equador  consists  of  table  lands.  The  climate 
is  the  finest  in  the  world  and  resembles  spring, 
the  year  round.  It  is  called  th«  Evergreen  Quito. 

Bolivia. 

Named  in  honor  of  General  Bolivar,  the 
liberator  of  most  of  South  America.  Noted  for 
containing  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Andes ;  also 
for  the  celebrated  mines  of  Potosi. 

Its  area  is  estimated  at  400,000  square  miles. 
It  is  rough  and  mountainous. 

Sorato,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes,  towers 
aloft  to  the  highth  of  25,380  feet,  or  nearly  five 
miles  high.  Illimani,  the  second  highest  peak  of 
the  Western  Continent,  is  24,350  feet. 


The  Condar  is  the  largest 
birdof  the  air;  and  measures, 
when  its  wings  are  extended, 
sixteen  feet.  It  soars  aloft 
above  the  highest  peaks  of 
the  Andes,  and  descends  10 
the  vales  only  in  pursuit  of 
prey. 

The  Condor. 

Potosi,  elevated  1 3,265  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  is  celebrated  for  its  rich  silver  mines. 
The  city  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Mount 
Cerro  dc  Potosi,  that  contains  the  precious  metal. 
|  They  were  first  discovered  by  an  Indian,  who, 
pursuing  a  lama  up  the  declivity,  caught  hold  of  a 
bush,  which  being  torn  up  by  the  roots,  revealed  a 
solid  mass  of  silver. 

The  produce  of  these  mines  from  1 556  to 
1 800,  amounted  to  823,950,508  Spanish  dollars. 

La  Paz,  northwest  of  Potosi,  is  the  principal 
town  of  Bolivia.  The  lofty  summits  of  Sorato 
and  Illimani,  are  seen  from  this  place  crowned 
with  eternal  snow. 


EUROPE 


Europe  is  noted 
as  the  smallest,  but 
wealthiest,  most 
thickly  populated, 


Coliseum  at  Rome. 

1  While  itondb  the  Coliwmn  Rome  most  stand, 
When  bill  UM  ColtHum  Rome  must  Jail." 


and  most  powerful 
and  enlightened  of 
the  general  divi 
sions  of  the  globe 


Capes, 

Far  to  the  north,  where  roars  the  Arctic  Sea, 
In  seventy-one,  (71)  North  Cape  is  known  to  lay. 

The  Naze  of  Norway,  and  La.  Hague  of  France, 
One  south,  one  north,  above  the  waves  advance. 
To  the  north  of  Spain  Cape  Or'-te-gal  may  fare, 
While  north  and  westward,  stands  Cape  Fin-4s-terrer . 

Southwest  of  all,  St.  Vincent  shines  afar, 
As  near  Gibraltar,  stands  Cape  Traf-al-gar, 

And  Ga'-ta  south,  Pa'-los  southeast  of  Spain, 
While  on  the  east,  St.  Martin  finds  a  reign. 

South  of  Sar-din'-i-a,  Spar-ti-ven'-to  peers, 
While  north  of  Corsica,  Cape  Cor-so  rears. 

And  Italy  bids  her  Spar-ti-ven-to  smile, 
As  Pas-xo  's  south  of  Sicily's  fair  isle ; 

And  south  of  Greece  Cape  Mat-a-pan'  behold, 
Where  last  of  all,  St.  An-ge-lo  's  enrolled. 


Rivers. 

RIVERS   OF   IRELAND. 

From  E-rin  northward  runs  the  River  Foyle, 
With  River  Bonn,  whose  flashing  waters  boil ; 

In  George's  Channel,  eastward  rolls  the  Boyne,  [boin 
Where  Lif-fey  pours  and  Slaney's  billows  shine ; 

Southward,  in  seven  west,  behold  the  Bar-row  ; 
Blackwater  then,  and  Lee,  in  channels  narrow. 

From  Allen,  Rec,  and  Derg — three  sylvan  lakes. 
Southwesterly  her  waves  the  Shan-nan  takes. 

RIVERS   OF   SCOTLAND. 

From  Scotland,  to  the  North  Sea,  runs  the  Tweed, 
*Tween  Scot  and  Englishman  she  finds  a  bed ; 
Then  comes  the  Forth,  the  Toy,  and  flashing  Dee, 
Still  further  north,  with  Don  and  rolling  Spay. 

As  southward,  on  her  western  coast  we  roam, 
The  Clyde  first  greets  us,  then  the  Ayr  and  Doon  ; 


The  Dee  and  Nith  with  An-nan  southward  pass, 
With  Es/c  and  Lid-dell,  bound  to  Solway  Frith, 

RIVERS   OF   KNGLAND. 

The  Tyne  and  Tees  come  first  then  with  the  Number, 
Ouse,  Air  and  Trent,  branches  just  three  in  number  ; 
These  with  the  Thames,  from  Britain's  eastern  coast, 
Are  hurried  on,  and  in  the  North  Sea  lost. 
To  the  British  Channel  westward  rolls  the  Severn, 
As  Mersey  to  St  George's  Strait  is  driven. 

OF   PORTUGAL   AND    SPAIN. 
Northward  of  all,  upon  the  Spanish  shore, 
The  Min'-ho's  waters  to  the  Atlantic  pour ; 
And  here  the  Due'-ro  and  the  Tagus  drain, 
With  Guar-di-an-a,  Portugal  and  Spain ; 
Here  Gua-daLquw'-er  An-da-lu-sia  sends, 
And  Ebro  in  the  Mediterranean  ends. 

OF   FRANCE. 

Ga-rnnne'  and  Loire,  in  Biscay's  Bay  are  thrown, 
And  the  Gulf  of  Lyons  drinks  the  flashing  Rhone, 

The  English  Channel  swallows  up  the  Seine, 
That  runs  from  France  where  Paris  holds  her  reign. 

RHINE   AND    BRANCHES. 

The  Rhine  from  Switzerland  makes  her  first  advance, 
Then  northward  turns — kissing  the  shores  of  France ; 
In  Germany  and  Holland  then  she's  seen, 
Taking  from  Germany  Mit-selle'  and  Mayne  ;      [main] 
From  Holland,  Meuse,  that  moistens  Belgium's  earth, 
Coming  from  France — the  province  of  its  birth. 

The  Ems,  the  Weser  and  the  Elbe  are  hurried 
O'er  German  shores,  and  in  the  North  Sea  buried. 

OF   RUSSIA   AND   PRUSSIA. 

From  Prussia  to  the  Baltic,  0-der  glides, 
As  V/ar-tha  river  in  her  channel  hides. 

Vis-iu-la  there,  with  Neimen'x  waters  tread, 
By  Prussia  nurtured  and  by  Russia  fed. 


35 


36 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


OF   LAPLAND    AND    SWEDEN. 

From  Lapland,  Au'-iiia  seeks  the  Bothnia's  roar ; 
Where  Tor'-ne-a,  Cu-lix  and  Lulrle'-a  shower. 
With  Kiv-er  Dal,  from  Sweden's  wintry  shore. 

OF  RUSSIA. 

Du-na  from  Russia  on  to  Riga  storms, 
La-do'-ga  Lake  to  Finland,  Nt-va  turns. 

Onei'-ga,  Duri-tui,  and  the  Mez-en  sweep, 
O'er  Russia's  shores  into  the  White  Sea  deep. 
From  the  same  fields,  with  all  her  ice  in  motion, 
Pct-clui'-ru  runs  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Vol-ga.  and  U-ral  seek  the  Caspian  Sea ; 
The  last  is  Europe's  eastern  boundary. 

And  Kuban's  waves,  the  Black  Sea's  waters  greet, 
As  Don  ind  Donee,  near  the  Azof  meet 

And  Dneiper,  Bog  and  Dneister,  all  are  lain  [neister 
From  Russia,  to  the  Black  Sea's  raging  main. 


OF   NORWAT. 

The  Glom-ma  rolls  her  down  the  Norway  coast, 
And  in  th«  Strait  of  Cat-te-gat  is  lost. 

DANUFE   AND    BRANCHES. 

Here  Dan-ubt  comes,  the  tide  that  Swiss  and. German. 
And  Austrian  and  Turk,  all  hold  as  common. 

A  northern  branch  the  River  Pruth  is  seen, 
The  boundary  line  'tween  Russ  and  Ottoman. 

RIVERS    EMPTYING    INTO    THE    ARCHIPELAGO, 
ADRIATIC   AND    MEDITERRANEAN. 

Vardur  and  Slruma  with  Marissa  go 
From  Turkey  to  the  Archipelago ; 

Narema  westward  with  the  rolling  Drin, 
Foams  where  the  Adriatic  waters  grin. 

From  Italy  here  comes  the  river  Po  ,• 
While  westward,  Arno  and  the  Tiber  flow 
In  Mediterranean,  with  the  Vol4ur-no'. 


TOWNS    AND    COUNTRIES. 
British  Empire. 

The  most  powerful,  and  with  the  exception  of  China,  the  most  populous  empire  on  the  globe. 

It  embraces  England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  with  the  principality  of  Wales,  Gibraltar  and  the  Island  of  Malta, 
the  greater  part  of  Hindoostan  and  the  Island  of  Ceylon ;  Sierra  Leone,  and  several  forts  in  Guinea,  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  St  Helena  and  Mauritius,  British  America  and  Honduras,  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Trinidad  and  several  of 
the  West  India  Islands,  English  Guiana,  Australia,  Van  Dieman's  Land,  JVew  Zealand  and  other  islands  in  different 
parts  of  the  world. 

The  population  of  the  whole  is  estimated  at  160,000,000,  or  eight  times  that  of  the  United  States. 

Her  great  power  and  bulwark  is  her  vast  navy,  that  once  outnumbered  the  combined  navies  of  the  world. 

Her  commerce  is  greater  than  any  other  nation.  The  merchant  vessels  are  upwards  of  27,000  in  number;  of 
the  burden  of  3,050,000  tons.  These  are  navigated  by  180,000  seamen. 


England. 


Windsor  Castle 


Winddor  Castle,  on  ihe  Thames,  is  one  of  the  royal  residences 
the  CJueen.    It  was  built  by  William  Ibe  Conqueror. 

On  England's  shores,  London  is  first  surveyed, 
The  queen  of  towns  in  commerce,  arts  and  trade. 

And  Liverpool  upon  the  Mersey  lay, 
The  port  for  Ireland  and  America. 
Manchester,  east  of  Liverpool  we  enter, 
Of  cotton  manufacturing  'tis  the  center. 


of 


England. 

The  southern  part  of  Great  Britain;  the 
seat  of  the  British  Empire ;  and  noted  as  the  most 
important  state  in  Europe,  and  as  exerting  the  great 
est  influence  upon  the  destinies  of  the  civilized  and 
uncivilized  world. 

England  abounds  in  beautiful  and  interesting  scene 
ry.  Its  agriculture  is  superior  to  that  of  any  coun 
try  of  Europe.  It  is  the  most  extensive  manufactur 
ing  country  in  the  world.  In  no  part  of  the  world 
is  wealth  more  unequally  distributed.  The  govern 
ment  is  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy. 

The  national  tlcbt  is  £4,000,000,000  ;  the  interest 
of  which  is  $160,000,000  annually,  or  six  times  as 
much  as  the  whole  expenditures  or  the  United  States' 
'.  government. 

"Wales. 

A  rough,  rugged,  and  mountainous  country, 
west  of  England;  noted  for  its  mines  of  lead,  iron, 
copper,  and  coal,  and  as  giving  the  title  of  "  Prince 
of  Wales"  to  the  English  sovereign's  eldest  son. 

LOWDOJC,  the  capital,  on  the  Thames,  60  miles 
from  its  mouth,  is  the  largest  city  on  the  face  of 
the  globe  both  in  extent  and  population.  It  covers 
about  25  square  miles  in  area.  Among  its  public 


EURO  PE. 


37 


For  woolen  factories,  Leeds  first  is  classed, 

As  Birmingham  for  hardware  's  unsurpassed. 

Sheffield,  for  cutlery  may  wear  the  crown, 

For  stockings,  Nottingham  and  Leicester's  known. 

For  watches  Coventry  is  famed  the  while  ; 

Swan-se-a,  for  copper  works  comes  in  the  file. 

Bristol  is  noted  for  her  wells  so  hot ; 

As -Hull,  upon  the  Number  finds  a  spot. 

Portsmouth  is  found  upon  the  southern  coast, 

With  Plymouth,  for  her  sea  wall  noted  most. 

Windsor  and  Warwick,  for  their  castles  named  ; 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  for  their  schools  far  famed 
Scar'-bo-rough,  Bright' -on,  Cheltenham,  and  Bath 
Chief  watering  places,  all  beneath  my  path. 

Scotland. 

Throned  on  her  hills,  for  science  first  in  place, 
Is  Edinburgh,  Scotia's  metropolis. 
Leith  is  her  port,  beside  the  Forth  we  learn, 
Upon  whose  shores  is  the  famed  Bannockburn. 
Proud  Stirling  here  displays  her  warlike  dress, 
As  north  on  Murray's  banks  is  In-ver-ness'. 

Fair  Ab-er-deen,  between  the  Dee  and  Don, 
For  building  ships  has  gathered  much  renown. 

Glasgow  is  found  upon  the  River  Clyde  ; 
Greenock,  her  port,  is  twenty  down  tke  tide. 

Paisley  from  Glasgow,  west  miles  eight  or  nine, 
Is  noted  for  its  cotton  goods  so  fine. 

On  Scotia's  eastern  shore,  behold  Dundee', 
Spinning  her  canvas  on  the  banks  of  Toy. 

Known  ,as  the  abode  of  Scotia's  ancient  kings, 
Perth  on  the  Tay,  linen  and  cotton  spins. 

Ireland. 

Seven  miles  is  Dublin  from  the  Irish  Sea, 
On  Lffiy's  banks,  she  rules  o'er  bond  and  free. 

Gal'-way  is  west,  as  Cork  is  to  the  south, 
I   While  Limerick  lives  far  up  the  Shannon's  mouth. 

Belfast  north-east  may  at  her  linen  toil : 
As  Londonderry  lives  upon  the  Foyle. 

Spain. 

Madrid,  the  capital,  on  table-lands, 
In  the  interior  of  the  kingdom  stands. 

Fair  Barcelona  smiles  above  the  sea ; 
In  manufactures  and  in  commerce  free. 


buildings,  are  St  Paul's  Church,  the  Tower,  West 
minster  Abbey,  and  Bank  of  England. 

The  bridges  of  London,  are  works  of  great  labor 
and  expense. 

The  Tunnel,  under  the  Thames,  is  one  of  the 
great  achievements  of  art. 

Sheffield  has  the  most  noted  cutlery  in  the  world. 
Bristol  is  noted  for  hot  springs. 

Plymouth  is  noted  for  its  immense  breakwater, 
that  cost  $5,000,000. 

Scotland. 

North  of  England,  separated  by  the  Gram 
pian  Hills  into  two  parts ;  North  and  Si/uth,  or  the 
Highlands  and  the  Lowlands. 

It  abounds  in  wild  and  sublime  scenery. 

The  Highlands  are  mountainous,  the  Lowlands 
more  level,  and  better  adapted  to  tillage. 

The  Highlanders  are  brave,  hospitable  and  inde 
pendent,  and  possess  a  rude  and  lawless  kind  of 
character. 

EmxBUBGH  is  the  capital. 

Leith  is  the  port  of  Edinburgh. 

Bannockbum,  on  the  Forth,  is  noted  for  the 
victory  of  Bruce  over  the  army  of  Edward  II,  of 
England. 

Stirling,  on  the  same  river,  is  a  strongly  fortified 
town. 

Dundee,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Scotland,  on  the 
River  Tay,  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  canvas. 

Ireland. 

Ireland,  called  the  "Emerald  Isle,"  "Green 
Erin."  A  large  island  west  of  England.  The 
native  land  of  the  Irish. 

The  surface  is  uneven,  but  not  mountainous. 
Bogs  and  marshes  cover  one  tenth  of  its  surface. 
The  peat  bogs  supply  the  fuel. 

Barley,  oats,  wheat,  flax,  &c.,  are  extensively 
raised. 

Potatoes  constitute  the  chief  product,  and  before 
the  potato  rot  of  late,  formed  the  principal  food  for 
the  poor.  Ireland  has  been  sorely  oppressed  by 
its  English  rulers  for  centuries  past. 

The  Irish  are  quick  wilted,  sanguine,  warm 
hearted  and  hospitable,  but  prodigal  and  passionate. 

Four-fifths  are  Catholics,  and  the  remainder  Prot 
estants. 

For  a  few  years  past,  Ireland  has  been  in  a  starv 
ing  and  deplorable  condition,  from  the  failure  of  her 
crops. 

DUBLIN,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Liffey,  seren 
miles  from  its  mouth. 

Galway  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  island. 

Limerick  is  on  the  Shannon,  in  the  interior. 

Belfast  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  fine  linens. 

Spain. 

Noted  for  its  salubrious  climate  and  picturesque 
scenery,  and  as  having  been  one  of  the  leading  pow 
ers  of  Europe;  but  now  one  of  the  most  feeble  and 
unimportant. 

The  sorl  is  fertile,  but  poorly  cultivated.      Her 


38 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


There  Al-i-cant'  and  Car-tha-ge-na  rest, 
Of  Mediterranean  ports  the  last  is  best. 
There  Mal'-a-ga  for  fruits  and  wines  is  known, 
On  Andalusia's  southern  shores  her  home ; 

Cadiz,  her  bulwarks  o'er  the  Atlantic  rears, 
North-west  the  Straits,  where  strong  Gibraltar  peers. 

North-west  of  all  Co-run'-na  lives,  the  station, 
For  ships  of  Britain  and  the  Yankee  nation. 
Fer-rol'  stands  here,  where  Spain  her  navy  gathers, 
Near  where  Cape  Ortugal  the  dark  sea  weathers. 
On  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  whence  the  wool  of  Spain 
Exported  is,  Bil-bo'-a  finds  a  reign. 

Valencia 's  noted  for  her  silks  so  fine  ; 

Xeres  is  known  quite  well  for  sherry  wine.(ze-res) 

Se-ville',  Grenada,  and  Cor-do'-va  lower, 
All  splendid  cities  once,  of  Moorish  power. 

Portugal. 

Lisbon,  with  wines  and  fruits  where  Tagus  fills 
The  Atlantic  bowl,  is  throned  on  several  hills. 

St.  Ubes,  south-east  of  Lisbon  makes  a  halt, 
And  from  the  sea-wave  manufactures  salt.    . 


Coimbra. 

Coimhra,  120  miles  north-east  of  Lisbon,  is  noted  for  itt  University. 
The  palace  of  tke  University,  once  the  residence  of  the  kings,  it  one 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  place. 

And  north  of  Lisbon,  next  Co-im'-bra  see, 
Much  noted  for  her  university. 

Oporto,  on  the  Duero  makes  resort, 
Known  the  world  over  for  a  wine  called  Port. 

France. 

Paris,  in  gardens,  palaces  and  pride, 
Fashions  and  gaiety,  is  not  outvied. 
Lyons  in  manufacturing  takes  her  throne, 
Just  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhone  and  Saone. 
Mar-seilles,  in  commerce  is  by  none  surpassed, 
Bordeaux  in  wines,  much  money  has  amassed  ; 


commerce  and  manufactures  are  in  a  neglected  state!' 
it  is  separated  from  France  by  the  Pyrennees, 
among  which  are  found  numerous  monks  and  hermits. 

The  richest  portions  of  America  once  belonged 
to  Spain,  though  Cuba  and  Portp  Rico  are  all  that 
now  remain. 

The  other  colonies  are  the  Philippine,  Caroline, 
and  Ladrone  Islands  in  the  Pacific,  and  the  Canary 
Islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  These  are  her  chief 
sources  of  national  revenue. 

MADUID,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  table-lands 
in  the  interior. 

Barcelona,  on  the  Mediterranean,  is  noted  for 
commerce  »nd  manufactures. 

Carthagena  is  noted  as  being  the  bent  port  on  the 
Mediterranean.!,, 

Malaga,  in  the  province  of  Andalusia,  is  noted 
for  its  rich  wines  and  delicious  fruits. 

Cadiz  is  strongly  fortified. 

Corunna  is  noted  for  the  battle  of  Corunna,  between 
the  French  and  English,  and  as  the  port  or  station 
for  packets  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  Ssates. 

Ferrol  is  noted  for  a  naval  station ;  Billion  for  its 
commerce  in  wool ;  Valencia  for  its  silks ;  Xeres 
for  sherry  wine ;  Seville,  Grenada,  and  Cordova,  as 
important  Moorish  cities. 


Gibraltar. 


The  Promontory  of  Gibraltar  constitutes  the  strongest 
fortress  in  the  world.  It  is  three  miles  long,  half  a  mile 
wide,  and  1400  feet  high.  It  commands  the  entrance  to 
the  Mediterranean,  It  is  in  the  possession  of  Great 
Britain. 

Portugal 

Portugal  was  once  the  most  commercial  state  of 
Europe,  but  is  now  reduced  to  insignificance. 

The  climate  is  remarkably  mild  and  healthy. 

Agriculture,  manufactures,  education,  and  improve 
ments  of  every  kind,  are  in  a  backward  condition. 
The  only  productions  of  importance  are  wine  and  soft,  j 

LISBON,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Tagus. 
St.  TJbes  is  noted  for  salt;  Coimbra  for  its  univer 
sity  ;  Oporto  for  the  production  of  Port  wine. 

France. 

Noted  for  the  important  part  she  has  acted 

in  the  affairs  of  Europe,  and  as  having  lately  become 
a  Republic,  the  only  one  of  consequence  on  the 
Eastern  Continent 

The  climate  of  France  is  mild   and  salubrioas. 


EUROPE. 


39 


Havre,  fair  port  of  Paris  on  the  Seine,  (hav'-r) 
Tou-lon'  and  Brest,  as  naval  stations  reign. 
Roche-fort'  and  1'Orient  on  Biscay's  Bay,  (lo-re-ong) 
Are  naval  stations  too,  where  ships  may  lay. 
Bay-onne',  near  Spain,  for  bayonets  long  known, 
Cal-ais',  that  oft  has  bowed  to  England's  throne. 
Bou-looTie,  south-west  from  this  her  station  finds, 

O         ' 

Rou-en',  upon  the  Seine  her  cotton  spins. 
Russia. 

St  Petersburgh  is  60  from  the  Equator,  (60°) 
By  Neva's  banks  she  rules,  and  none  is  greater. 

Cron-stadt,  a  naval  post  where  Finland  boils, 
West  from  St  Petersburgh  just  twenty  miles. 

And  south  of  Petersburgh,  is  Nov-go-rod': 
Though  fallen  now,  she  boasts  of  royal  blood : 
The  proudest  city  once  of  all  the  north, 
Godlike  in  power,  imperial  in  worth. 
Pol-to'-wa,  known  for  Charles  the  XII  of  Sweden ; 
Whose  fate  we  learn  when  history  we're  reading. 

O-des'-sa,  by  the  Black  Sea,  takes  her  seat, 
And  from  this  place  exports  the  Russian  wheat ; 

And  Ni-ca-la-jef '  there  joins  the  catalogue, 
A  naval  station,  seated  on  the  Bog. 

Known  for  her  palaces,  and  for  her  bell, 
Moscow  in  the  interior  may  dwell. 

As  north  of  all  Archangel's  lair  is  made, 
Riga  on  Riga  Gulf  may  boast  her  trade. 

And  by  the  Caspian  of  the  Russian  clan, 
On  Volga's  southern  bank,  is  Astracan. 

Known  for  her  battlements,  and  for  her  wall, 
Of  Poland,  Warsaw  reigns  the  capital. 

The  Russians,  in  general,  are  robust,  well  shaped,  and  of 
pretty  good  complexions.  The  dress  of  the  higher  ranks  are 
after  the  French  and  English  fashions ;  and  all  wear  a 
covering  of  fur  for  six  months  of  the  year.  Persons  of  both 
sexes  wear  a  cross  on  their  breasts,  which  is  put  on  when 
they  are  baptized,  and  never  laid  aside  while  they  live. 

The  following  are  the  Sovereigns  of  Russia,  showing  the 
years  of  tiieir  accession  to  power  : 

Peter  the  Great,  ascension  in  1696 


Catherine  I., 
Peter  H., 
Anne, 
John, 

Elizabeth,    - 
Peter  HI., 
Catherine  II., 
Paul,      - 
Alexander,  • 
Nicholas, 


1725 
1727 
1730 
1740 
1741 
1762 
1762 
1796 
1801 


The  vineyards  yield  850  million  gallons  of  wine 
annually,  and  occupy  five  million  acres  of  ground. 
The  principal  colonies  are  Algeria,  Senegal,  and  the 
Isle  of  Bourbon  in  Africa;  Martinique  and  Guada- 
loupe,  in  the  West  Indies;  French  Guiana  in  South' 
America;  and  Pondicherry  in  Asia. 

PARIS,  the  gay  capital  of  the  French  Republic —  the1 
paragon  of  fashions  for  the  world  —  is  on  the  Seine. 

Lyons,  noted  for  manufactures,  is  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rhone  and  Saone. 

Marseilles  is  noted  for  commerce ;  Bordeaux  for  wines; 
Havre  as  the  portof  Paris;  Toulon,  Rochefori,  and  Brest 
as  naval  stations:  Bayonne  as  the  place  where  bayonets 
were  first  used;  Calais  as  having  repeatedly  been  in  the' 
possession  of  Great  Britain ;  Rouen  for  cotton  manufac- 
turjng. 

Russian  Empire. 

ft  comprises  nearly  one  half  of  Europe, 
one  third  of  Asia,  and  a  part  of  North  America. 
It  extends  half  way  round  the  earth,  and  compre 
hends  one  seventh  of  the  land's  surface,  [t  is,  gen 
erally,  a  level  country,  and  its  characteristic  features- 
are  vast  plains  and  majestic  rivers. 

Russia.  i  | 

Russian  Europe  is  noted  for  its  great  power 
and  importance. 

The  inhabitants  are  Russians,  Poles,  Finns,  Tar 
tars,  and  Cossacks ;  the  latter  form  a  most  efficient 
part  of  the  army  of  Russia. 

The  Emperor  is  at  the  head  of  the  church,  and  is 
styled  the  Autocrat  of  all  the  Russia*. 

The  military  force,  or  army  of  Russia,  is  the 
largest  by  far  of  any  in  Europe,  and  is  a  great  object 
of  terror  and  anxiety  throughout  all  the  Eastern 
Continent:  it  amounts  to  nearly  1,000,000  men. 
The  naval  force  consists  of  300  vessels,  50  of  which 
are  ships  of  the  line. 

The  great  body  of  the  Russians  is  divided  into, 
two  classes :  nobles  and  slaves.  The  former  live  in ' 
great  splendor;  the  latter  are  the  property  of  the 
nobles  or  the  emperor. 

Twenty-two  millions  of  serfs  or  slaves  are  said  to 
be  owned  by  the  Autocrat  himself. 

ST  PKTERSBURGH.  the  capital,  on  the  bank*  of  the  Neva, 
and  60  Degrees  from  the  equator,  is  one  of  the  most 
splendid  cities  in  llie  world. 

Novgorod,  though  now  in  a  decayed  state,  was  once 
the  seat  of  a  great  republic. 

Poltowa  is  remarkable,  in  history,  for  a  great  battle 
fought  between  Charles  XII  of  Sweden,  and  Peter  the 
Great  of  Russia,  in  which  the  latter  gained  a  complete 
victory. 

Moscow  was  burnt  by  the  Russian!,  in  1812,  to  prevent  : 
its  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  French.  It  was  celebrated  . 
for  its  mammoth  bell,  the  largest  ever  east,  the  weight  of 
which  was  upwards  of  150  tons. 

Lapland 

Noted  as  being  the  most  northern  country 
of  Europe.  It  is  owned  by  Russia  and  Sweden. 

The  inhabitants  are  called  Laplanders  or  Lapps. 
They  are  a  simple,  inoffensive  race ;  strictly  honest : 
and  live  to  a  great  age.     In  stature  they  never  exceed  • 
five  feet. 


40 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Republic  of  Cracow. 

Cra'-cow,  beside  Vishda,  takes  her  post, 
Known  for  the  mound  of  Kos-ci-us'-ko  most. 

Sweden. 

Stock-holm,  in  Sweden,  is  the  brightest  star, 
On  seven  small  isles,  'tween  Baltic  and  Ma-lar'. 

At  Gotha's  mouth,  whose  fountain  head  is  Wenner, 
Fair  Gottenberg  spreads  her  commercial  banner. 

Of  Fah-lan's  copper  mines,  go  read  the  story, 
And  then,  for  iron,  look  at  Dan-e-mo-ra? 

In  fur,  Tor-ne-a  trades  ;  she's  north  of  all ; 

Carls-cro-na,  south,  a  naval  station  call. 

Norway. 


Bridge  and  Mountain  torrent   in  Norway. 


Christiana  on  the  Norway  coast  is  laid  ; 
Iron  and  lumber  is  her  wealth  and  trade. 
Upon  the  western  coast,  is  seated  Bergen  ; 
In  lumber,  tar  and  tish,  her  commerce  urging. 

Dron-theim'  is  north  of  this,  along  the  flood — 
Of  Norway's  ancient  kings,  'twas  once  the  abode. 

Prussia. 

Berlin,  of  Prussia,  stands  upon  the  Spree, 
A  branch  of  Elbe,  of  royal  pedigree. 

Bres-lau  is  found  far  up  the  river  0-der, 
And  known  for  linens,  near  the  Polish  border. 

And  Konigsburg  is  seated  on  the  Pre-gal, 
Whose  place  or  rank,  in  days  gone  by,  was  regal. 

Next,  Dant-zic,  on  the  Vis-tu-la,  we  greet, 
Great  mart  of  Poland,  for  exporting  wheat. 


Republic  of  Cracow. 

Noted  for  a  mound  raised  to  the  memory  of 
Kosciusko,  which  is  ;(00  feet  in  highth,  and  275  feet 
in  diameter  at  the  base. 

Sweden. 

Noted  for  its  numerous  lakes.  It  is  a  level 
country,  with  the  climate  of  Canada  East,  and  has 
about  2,400  miles  of  sea  coast 

It  has  valuable  mines  of  iron  and  copper. 

Hardly  one  thirtieth  of  the  land  is  tillable. 

The  higher  classes  of  the  Swedes  are  intelligent, 
brave  and  hospitable  ;  but  luxurious  and  ostentatious. 

The  peasants  are  simple,  kind  and  strictly  honest. 

The  complexion  of  the  Swedes  is  ruddy ;  the  hair 
flaxen ;  and  their  beards  and  moustaches*  have  been 
described  by  travelers  as  almost  white,  and  in  beauti 
ful  keeping  with  their  blue  eyes  and  rich  complexions. 

STOCKHOLM,  between  B&Itie  »ixl  Malar,  i*  the  capital. 
Bniu-mora  has  the  best  iron  HI  lh':  world 
Fahlan  is  noted  for  copper,  and  Torneit  tor  fur. 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  was  OIKS  of  tl»  greatest 
of  modern  warriors.  He  came  to  the  throne  in  1 697, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen.  In  his  seventrrntli  year,  he 
fought  the  combiried  armies  of  Rw.*siu,  Poland  and 
Denmark,  and  gained  over  them  a  derisive  vk-tory. 
In  his  first  battle  when  he  beard  the  hwsyig  of  the 
bullets  about  his  ear  he  exclaimed,  in  a  rapture, 
"  That  shall  be  my  music. '' 

Norway. 

Noted  for  its  rugged  mountains,  cold  cli 
mate,  gigantic  pines,  and  for  the  terrific  whirlpool 
on  its  coast,  called  the  Malstrom. 

It  is  united  with  Sweden  under  one  government, 
though  each  state  enjoys  its  own  constitution,  its  own 
laws  and  legislature. 

From  1 380  to  1 8 1 4,  it  was  united  to  Denmark ;  but 
since  that  time  it  has  formed  a  part  of  Sweden. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  mountainous  countries  in 
Europe,  and  abounds  with  romantic  and  sublime 
scenery. 

CHRISTIANA,  the  capital,  is  noted  for  iron  and 
lumber. 

Bergen,  upon  the  western  shore,  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  lumber,  tar  and  fish. 

Prussia. 

Noted  for  its  rapid  rise  from  a  small  state 
to  one  of  the  first  powers  of  Europe. 

It  was  formerly  an  electorate  of  Germany  ;  Bran 
denburg  the  basis :  East  and  West  Prussia  were  first 
added;  Silesia  was  wrested  from  Austria;  Posen 
from  Poland ;  and  a  part  of  Pomcrania  from  Swe 
den;  and  Saxony,  Westphalia,  Clevesburg  and  the 
Lower  Rhine,  were  added  in  1815. 

The  principal  rivers  are  all  navigable. 

Amber  is  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic. 

The  army  is  the  best  disciplined  in  Europe. 


I 


EUROPE. 


41 


Co-logne,  upon  the  Rhine ,  with  Dutcli  may  trade, 
A  water,  called  Cologne,  she  long  has  made. 
As  Frankfort  on  the  Oder  keeps  her  fairs, 
On  Elbe,  is  Mag-de-burg,  prepared  for  wars. 
As  Luther  lived  in  Wittenberg — in  Thorn, 
By  Vis-lu-la,  Copernicus  was  born. 

Aix  la  Cha-pelle  and  Til-sit  both,  we  find, 
Are  for  important  treaties  borne  in  mind. 

Austria. 

On  Danube's  banks,  o'er  Austria  stands  Vienna, 
Upon  a  fertile  plain,  she  rules  o'er  many. 

Prague  rules  Bohemia,  on  the  tide  Moldau ; 
Her  bulwarks  frown  upon  the  fields  below. 

North  of  Vienna  Aus'-ter-litz  appears, 
And  of  Napoleon's  victory  wears  the  scars. 

By  the  Adriatic  Gulf  is  throned  Tri-este, 
Well  fortified,  of  Austria's  ports  the  best. 

And  near  the  Adriatic,  'mong  the  number, 
I'-dri-a,  for  quicksilver  mines,  remember. 


Buda  and  Penth. 

Rtida,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Danube,  is  connected  with  Peslh,  on 
ihe  eastern  bank,  by  a  bridge  of  boats. 

At  Bit-da's  baths  and  palaces,  now  look — 
By  Danube's  western  bank,  upon  a  rock ; 
With  this,  connected  by  a  bridge  of  boats, 
Pesth,  on  the  eastern  bank,  her  trade  promotes. 

Schem'-nitz  and  Krem'-nitz,  'mong  the  mountains 
Well  known  for  mines  of  silver  and  of  gold.      [old, 

To-kay',  for  wines  ;  as  Presburg,  well  you  know, 
Was  Hungary's  capital,  some  years  ago. 

Lem-berg,  for  inland  trade  ;  of  Polish  birth, 
Wie-licz'-ka  from  her  salt  mines  draws  her  worth. 

German  States— Bavaria. 

Bavaria  waves  her  banners  by  the  I'-ser,  [c-*#r] 
Bavaria's  capital,  she's  known  to  be,  sir. 


Its  system  of  common  school  education  is  consid 
ered  the  best  in  the  world. 

BERLIN,  the  capital,  on  the  Spree,  a  branch  of  the 
Elbe,  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities  in  Europe. 

Konigsburg  was  once  the  capital  of  the  whole 
kingdom. 

Frankfort,  on  the  Oder,  is  noted  for  fiiirs. 

Magdeburg,  on  the  Elbe,  is  strongly  fortified. 

Wittenberg  was  the  residence  of  Luthor. 

Thorn  was  the  residence  of  Copernicus. 

Aix  la  Chapelle  and  Tilsit  are  noted  for  treaties. 

Austria. 

One  of  the  most  important  states  of  Europe; 
one  third  larger  than  France,  and  twice  as  laige  aa 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

It  is  richer  in  minerals  than  any  other  European 
state. 

The  Archduchy  of  Austria  is  the  original  basis 
of  this  Empire.  Hungary  was  obtained  in  1438,  by 
marriage;  Gallicia  in  1792,  by  the  dismemberment 
of  Poland.  The  Italian  provinces  were  annexed 
in  1815. 

VIES.VA,  on  a  fertile  plain,  and  situated  upon  the 
Danube,  is  the  capital. 

Prague,  on  the  Moldau,  a  strongly  fortified  town, 
is  the  capital  of  Bohemia. 

Austerlitz,  north  of  Vienna,  is  noted  for  a  great 
victory  cf  Napoleon  over  the  Austrians. 

Trieste,  by  the  Adriatic,  a  strongly  fortified  town, 
has  the  best  port  in  Austria. 

Buda,  noted  for  baths,  on  the  Danube,  is  con 
nected  with  Pesth,  on  the  eastern  side,  by  a  bridge  of 
boats. 

Wieliczka,  a  town  of  Poland,  ia  noted  for  salt 
mines. 


Kremniiz. 


Kremnitz  and  Schemnitz.  among  the  mountains  of  Hun 
gary,  are  noted  for  gold  and  silver  mines. 

German  States. — Bavaria. 

Bavaria,  in  the  southeastern  part,  is,  next 
to  Austria  and  Prussia,  the  most  important  state  in 
Germany. 

The  Black  Forest  and  the  Alp,  two  masses  of 
mountains,  form  one  principal  feature  of  this  state. 
They  are  bleak  regions,  with  little  wood  or  verdure. 

Agriculture  is  in  a  backward  state,  and  manufactures 
have  been  neglected. 

BAVARIA,  on  the  Iser.  it  the  capital. 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


For  watches  known,  inventions,  toys  and  books, 
At  Nuremberg,  the  traveler  often  looks. 

Blenheim,  on  Danube,  and  the  Ho-hen-lin-den, 
From  Mu'-nich,  east,  the  war-horse  once  reclined  on. 

Saxony. 

For  her  picture  galleries  known,  now  look  at 
Beside  the  Elbe,  as  Saxony,  she  rests  in.  [Dresden, 

In  fairs  and  commerce,  let  fair  Leip'-sic  reign, 
As  Meis'-sen,  on  the  Elbe,  makes  porcelain  ; 

And  Frey'-berg,  by  two  hundred  mines  surrounded, 
Has  there  a  mining  institution  founded. 

Hanover. 

Upon  the  Leine,  from  the  western  shores,  just  over, 
Well  fortified  and  strong,  is  fair  Hanover. 

Up  the  same  tide,  has  Gottingen  her  post, 
Known  for  her  university  the  most. 

A  North  Sea  port,  for  vessels  great  and  small, 
Em' -den  is  on  the  Ems,  northwest  of  all. 

Wlrtemberg. 

Stutt'-gard  of  Wir'-tem-berg,  as  first  may  shine, 
Upon  a  branch  of  the  fair  flowing  Rhine.  {dress, 

On  Danube's  banks,  Ulm  wears  her  shining  war- 
O'er  Europe,  noted  for  a  mighty  fortress. 

Baden. 

Carls-ru'-he,  near  the  Rhine,  rules  over  Ba'-den, 
Whose  shores,  with  Man'-heim,  farther  north,  are 
laden. 

Small  German  States. 

Mentz,  on  the  river  Rhine,  invented  printing ; 
Of  war,  her  bulwarks  seem  to  be  a  hinting. 
'  Weimar,  the  capital  of  Saxe  Weimar, 
Has  been  the  abode  of  many  a  learned  dreamer ; 

Je'-na,  southeast  of  this,  her  place  may  fix, 
Remembered  for  the  fray  of  eighteen  'six.     [1806 

Free  Cities. 

Frankfort,  known  for  her  Federative  Diet, 
Lives  on  the  Mayne — a  place  of  fairs  and  quiet 

Hamburg,  upon  the  Elbe,  has  fixed  her  station, 
Where  vessels  come  to  trade,  of  every  nation. 


The  battle  of  Hohenlinden,  where  Moreau 
gained  one  of  his  great  victories,  is  commemorated 
by  Campbell  in  a  sublime  and  glowing  song,  of  which 
the  following  is  an  extract : 

On*Linden  when  the  sun  was  low, 
All  bloodless  lay  the  untrodden  snow, 
And  dark  as  winter  was  the  flow, 

Of  Iser,  rolling  rapidly. 
But  Linden  saw  another  sight, 
When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night, 
Commanding  fires  of  death  to  light, 

The  darkness  of  her  scenery. 

Saxony. 

The  smallest  kingdom  in  Europe,  thoogl 
the  people  are  the  best  educated. 

Agriculture  and  mining  mostly  form  the  occupation 
of  the  inhabitants. 

The  Saxon  sheep  are  noted  for  their  fine  wooU 

Commerce  and  manufactures  are  extensive. 

DRESDEN,  on  the  Kll>e.  is  noted  for  Us  picture  £a!lecie». 

Leipsic  is  noted. for  fatrs. 

Freyberg.  in  the  center  of  the  mining  district,  is  noted 
for  its  mining  institution. 

Hanover. 

Hanover  became  a  kingdom  in  1815. 

It  is  mostly  an  extensive  plain,  with  gentle  rising 
grounds,  and  nearly  destitute  of  mountains.  The, 
Hartz  Mountains  aie  rich  in  mines,  which  arc  exten 
sively  wrought 

STUTTSAKD,  on  a  branch  of  the  Rhine,  is  the  capital 
Emden  on  the  Ems,  is  the  principal  port  fo»  the  North 
Sea  trade. 
Gottingen,  on  the  Leine,  it  noted  for  it*  university. 

Wirtemberg. 

Noted  as  being  the  best  cultivated  part  of 
Germany. 

Erected  into  a  kingdom  in  1806. 
Its  mountains  are  rich  in  minerals. 

Baden. 

A  narrow  but  fertile  plain  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Rhine. 

CARLSRUUE,  is  the  capital. 

Small  German  States. 

HESSE  DARMSTADT  consists  of  three  sepa-  j 
rate  districts ;  two  north,  and  the  other  south  of  the  , 
River  Mayrve. 

SAXE  WEIMAR  is  noted  for  its  high  rank  in  ' 
literature  and  the  arts. 

Jena  is  noted  for  a  great  battle  between  the  French 
and  Prussians,  where  Napoleon  gained  one  of  bis 
greatest  victories. 

Free  Cities. 

Mentz,  strongly  fortified,  is  noted  as  being 
the  place  where  printing  was  invented. 


Seated  upon  her  western  banks,  is  Bremen, 
Noted  for  commerce,  and,  of  towns,  a  freeman. 

Lu-bec',  though  in  obscurity  immersed, 
In  the  famed  Hanseatic  League,  was  first. 

Switzerland. 


The  Devil'8 


Trie  Devil's  Bridge,  in  Switzerland,  is  built  over  the  Reuss,  a  foam 
ing,  rapid  torrent.  Unit  empties  in  lake  Lucerne,  after  passing  through 
the  canton  of  Uri.  The  sensation  produced  by  looking  from  the  top, 
ig  giddy  and  sublime  ;  and  the  roar  of  waters  almost  deafening. 

Of  Switzerland's  towns,  Berne  stands  upon  the 
Lau-sanne,  upon  Geneva,  has  her  fare  ;  [Aar  ; 

These  two,  with  Zurich,  on  her  lake  or  sea,  fcu'-riek 
Are  noted  for  their  splendid  scenery. 

Known  as  the  place  where  paper  first  was  made, 
And  for  her  school,  Basle  on  the  Rhine  is  laid,  [bale 

Scauff-hau'-sen,  for  a  cataract  of  the  Rhine  ; 

Lu-cerne',  where  towers  the  forest  tree,  sublime. 

Known  for  her  council,  of  religious  make, 
Constance,  northeast  of  all,  is  by  the  Lake. 

Belgium. 


Brussels. 
Bms»els.  in  Belgium,  is  noted  for  carpets,  lace,  cambists,  te. 

Brussels,  in  Belgium,  on  a  branch  of  Scheldt,  \skelt 
In  carpets,  lace  and  camblets,  long  has  dealt. 


EUROPE.  43 

i 

The  four  free  cities  of  Germany  are  all  that  remain 
of  the  Hanse  or  imperial  towns ;  which  once  num 
bered  eighty-five  of  the  most  commercial  cities  in 
Europe. 

FHANKFORT,  the  capital  of  Germany,  is  noted  for 
fairs,  and  as  the  place  where  the  German  or  Federa 
tive  Diet,  or  Congress  assemble. 

Switzerland. 

One  of  the  most  mountainous  countries  of 
Europe.  Noted  for  its  sublime  and  romantic  scenery. 

It  is  divided  into  twenty-two  cantons,  which  are 
each  independent  republics,  united  together  for  the 
purpose  of  common  defense. 

The  Swiss  mountaineers  are  noted  for  hospitality 
and  love  of  liberty. 

The  country  abounds  with  lofty  mountains,  cov 
ered  with  perpetual  snow ;  glaciers,  or  lakes  of  ice ; 
torrents  that  roar  and  foam  down  the  rocks ;  and 
avalanches,  or  immense  masses  of  snow. 

BERNE,  LUCERNE  and  ZCHICH  are  the  capitals  of 
Switzerland ;  they  are  noted  for  the  grandeur  of  their 
scenery. 

'Basle,  noted  for  its  university,  and  as  the  place 
where  paper  was  first  made,  is  on  the  Rhine. 

Schauffhausen  is  near  the  celebrated  cataract  of 
the  Rhine. 

Constance,  by  Lake  Constance,  is  noted  for  its 
ecclesiastical  council.. 

THE  CAVKRN  OF  THE  THREE  TELLS. — The 
three  founders  of  the  Helvetic  confederacy  are  thought 
to  sleep  in  a  cavern  near  the  Lake  of  Lucerne.  It 
is  supposed  that  if  Switzerland  is  ever  enchained,  they 
will  arise  and  vindicate  her  rights. 

When  Uri's  beechen  woods  wave  red, 

In  the  burning  hamlet's  light ; 
Then  from  the  cavern  of  the  dead, 
Shall  the  sleepers  walk  in  might. 

With  a  leap  like  Tell's  proud  leap, 
When  uway  the  helm  he  flung, 
And  boldly  up  the  steep 
From  the  flashing  billow  sprung 

They  shall  wake  beside  the  forest  sea, 

In  the  ancient  garb  they  wore, 
When  they  linked  the  hands  that  made  us  free, 
On  the  Grutli's   moonlight  shore. 
And  their  voices  shall  be  heard. 

And  be  answered  with  a  shout, 
Till  the  echoing  Alps  are  stirred, 
And  the  signal  fires  blaze  out. 

Mrs.  Hemant. 

Belgium. 

Noted  for  its  fertility  ;  its  hisjh  state  of 
cultivation ;  and  for  its  being  the  most  thickly  popu 
lated  of  any  country  of  Europe. 

The  Belgians  were  formerly  called  Flemings. 

Belgium  once  belonged  to  Austria,  and  then  to 
France.  In  1815  it  was  united  with  Holland  It 
became  a  separate  State  in  1830,  when  Leopold  took 
the  throne. 

BRUSSELS,  the  capital,  is  noted  for  its  carpets,  lace, 
camblets,  &c. 


44 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


From  Brussels,  north,  in  miles,  just  twenty-five, 
Antwerp,  upon  the  Scheldt,  her  trade  may  drive ; 
Of  her  cathedral,  there  is  much  renown, 
That  climbs  the  heavens  in  feet,  four,  forty-one. (44 1 )  j 

Ghent,  for  a  treaty  known,  we  next  will  scan, 
Just  thirty  miles  southwest  of  Amsterdam. 

Nine  miles  from  Brussels,  south,  is  Waterloo, 
Where  met  Napoleon  his  overthrow.         [quarters. 

Lieare,  known  for  firearms,  makes  the  Meuse  her 

O      ' 

Mech'-lin  for  lace,  and  Spa  for  mineral  waters. 
Tour'-ney  and  Mons  along  the  French  frontier., 
Safe  in  their  battlements,  need  nothing  fear. 

Denmark. 

And  Copenhagen  stands  on  Zealand  isle  ; 
As,  by  the  Elbe,  Al-to'-na  reigns  the  while. 
From  Copenhagen,  north,  on  Zealand's  shore, 
Where  vessels  pay  their  toll,  is  El-si-nore'. 

Holland. 

In  proportion  to  its  extent,  Holland  is  one  of  the  most 
populous  districts  on  the  globe. 

The  Dutch  were,  at  a  former  period,  the  most  flourishing 
and  greatest  commercial  people  on  the  globe. 

The  foreign  territories  belonging  to  Holland  are  chiefly 
in  the  East  Indies,  and  include  part  of  the  islands  of  Java, 
Sumatra,  Bands,  Borneo,  Celebes,  Gilolo,  and  Timor,  also 
the  Moluccas  or  Spice  Islands.  In  South  America,  Suri 
nam  or  Dutch  Guiana.  In  the  West  Indies,  the  islands  of* 
St  Euatatia,  Cnraeoa,  Saba,  and  part  of  St.  Martin'a  In 
Africa,  several  forts  on  the  coast  of  Guinea, 

In  Holland,  near  the  coast, Hague  makes  her  claim; 
As,  thirty  miles  northeast,  is  Amsterdam; 
The  last  stands  on  an  arm  of  Zuy-der  Zee, 
Known  for  canals,  where  boats  pass  merrily. 

As  Rotterdam  is  seated  on  the  Meuse  ;  \vnuce 

Harlem,  by  Harlem  Lake,  of  flowers  makes  use. 

As  a  naval  depot,  next,  remember  Flushing, 
U-trecht',  for  peace,  where  river  Rhine  is  blushing. 

Tbe  States  of  Italy.— Sardinia. 

Much  noted  for  her  silks,  beside  the  Po, 
Tu-rin  rules  o'er  Sardinia  you  know,  (tu-reen') 

Gen'-o-a,  built  upon  a  mountain's  side, 
Still  of  Columbus  makes  her  boast  and  pride. 
.    Here,  Al-es-san'-dria  and  Ma-ren'-go*s  known, 
The  last,  whore  fought  the  great  Napoleon. 


Th 


Antwerp  is  noted  for  its  cathedral,  the  spire  of 
which  is  44 1  feet  high. 

Ghent  is  the  place  where  peace  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  was  concluded. 

Waterloo  is  famous  for  one  of  the  greatest  battles 
ever  fought ;  a  battle  that  decided  the  fate  of  Europe 
and  Najwleon. 

The  following  extracts  are  from  Byron*   Waterloo : 

And  there  was  mounting  in  hot  haste,  the  steed, 
Tlie  mustering  squadron,  and  the  clattering  oar 
Went  pouring  forward  with  impetuous  speed, 
And  swiftly  forming  in  the  ranks  of  \vnr. 

Lust  noon  beheld  them  full  of  lusty  life, 

Last  eve  in  beauty's  circle  proudly  gay, 

The  midnight  brought  the  signal  sound  of  strife, — 

The  morn,  the  marshaling  in  arms, — the  day 

Battle's  mi  gnificently  stern  array  ! 

The  thunder-clouds  close  o'er  it,  which  when  ront, 

The  earth  is  covered  thick  with  other  day. 

Which  her  own  clay  shall  cover,  heaped  and  pent, 

Rider  and  horse,  friend,  foe,  in  one  red  burial  blent. 

Denmark. 

Denmark  comprises  the  peninsula  of  Jut 
land,  the  duchies  of  Holstein  and  Lauenberg,  together 
with  Fuen  and  Zealand,  with  the  foreign  possessions 
of  Greenland,  Iceland,  Faroe  Islands,  &c. 

The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  pasturage. 

The  atmosphere  is  thick  and  cloudy,  but  generally 
salubrious  and  healthy. 

The  Danes  are  honest  and  well  educated. 

The  principal  source  of  influence  of  this  state,  is 
the  command  of  the  entrance  to  the  Baltic.  It  exacts 
a  toll  of  all  ships  that  pass  in  and  out  of  that  sea. 

COPESHAGKJT,  on  the  island  of  Zealand,  is  the  capital. 

Holland. 

The  land  of  the  Dutch,  formerly  called  tha 
Netherlands. 

This  is  a  flat,  level  country,  below  the  bed  of  the 
sea ;  which  is  kept  from  encroaching  ami  overflowing 
the  land  hy  means  of  dykes  or  embankments. 

Canals  serve  the  purpose  of  streets,  and  are  the 
highways  for  the  commerce  of  the  kingdom. 

The  Dutch  are  the  most  inveterate  smokers  in  the 
world. 

They  have  colonies  in  South  America,  West  At 
rica,  Java,  and  other  Asiatic  islands. 

AMSFKH  ii.oi,  the  capital,  on  Zuydrr  Zee,  is  noted 
for  its  canals,  that  serve  the  purpose  of  streets. 

Italy. 

A  peninsula  m  the  southern  part  of  Europe  ; 
noted  as  having  been  the  seat  of  the  Koman  Empire, 
and  of  the  Popes,  and  as  the  land  of  sculpture,  paint 
ing,  architecture  and  music. 

It  is  distinguished  likewise  for  its  mild  climate,  and 
as  being  the  most  delightful  country  of  Europe. 

It  is  now  divided  into  several  diflerent  states  01 
governments,  the  principal  of  which  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  kingdom  of  Naples,  or  the  two  Sicilies.  \ 
2.  The  States  of  the  Church.     9-  Grand  Duchy  of 
Tuscany.     4.  The  kingdom  of  Sardinia,     5.  The 
kingdom  of  Lombardy  and  Venice. 


EURO  PE. 


45 


Upon  Sardinia's  isle,  behold  Sas-sa'-ri 
High  to  the  north,  while  south  is  one  Cagl-ia'-ri. 

Lombardy  and  Venice. 

For  her  Cathedral  known,  the  fall-  Mi-Ian  , 
Upon  the  west  of  Lombard)  we  scan  ; 

Venice,  beside  the  A-dri-at-ic  smiles, 
High  to  the  head  on  seventy-two  small  isles. 

As  Virgil's  birth  place,  next  Man-tu'-a  know, 
That  keeps  her  station  on  the  rolling  Po. 

Lo'-di  is  west  of  this,  a  warlike  town, 
Where  Bonaparte  a  splendid  victory  WOH. 

States  of  the  Church. 

Hume,  by  the  Tiber,  keeps  her  ancient  seat, 


for  her  temples  and  her  structures  great; 
Her  columns,  arches,  monuments  we  hail, 
But  the  far  famed  St.  Peter's  first  of  all. 

As  fair  Bo-logn-a  keeps  the  northern  border, 
An-co'-na,  to  the  south-east,  boasts  her  harbor? 

The  Two  Sicilies. 


Nupl 


Naples,  near  Mount  Vesuvius,  has  long  been  noted  for  the  beauty  of 
its  bay.  the  ik-liciousuess  of  its  climate,  and  liie  picturesque  scenery 
in  us  vicinity. 

Near  Mount  Vesuvius  let  Naples  stay, 
Long  noted  for  the  beauty  of  ner  Bay. 

Pa-ler'-mo  sits  on  Sicily's  fair  isle, 
And  there  Mes-si'-na  and  Ca-ta'-ni-a  smile, 

As  Syracuse  is  known  for  ancient  splendor, 
The  wine  cup  to  Mar-sa'-la  we  may  tender. 


Sardinia. 

The  kingdom  of  Sardinia  embraces  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  and  the  northwestern  part  of  Italy. 

The  latter  has  a  fine  soil  and  mild  climate. 

The  Island  of  Sardinia  has  an  area  of  about 
10,000  square  miles ;  it  is  a  trifle  snwllerthan  Sicily. 

A  large  portion  of  the  surface  is  hilly  and  moun 
tainous.  It  produces  every  variety  of  fruits  common 
to  southern  Europe. 

TITRIX,  the  capital  of  Sardinia,  on  the  Po,  is  noted 
for  silks. 

Genoa  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Columbus. 

Marengo  for  a  great  victory  of  Napoleon  over  the 
Austrians,  in  1800. 

Lombardy  and  Venice. 

Lombardy  and  Venice,  or  Austrian  Italy,  is 
situated  between  the  River  Po  and  the  Alps. 

It  is  one  of  the  best  cultivated  states  of  Italy,  and 
belongs  to  Austria. 

Lombardy  is  in  the  west  and  Venice  in  the  east. 

MILAN,  in  the  west  of  Lombardy,  is  noted  for  its 
catlrcdral. 

Venice  is  situated  on  seventy-two  small  islands,  at 
the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  or  Gulf  of  Venice. 

Mantua  is  npted  as  the  birthplace  of  Virgil. 

Lodi  for  one  of  .Napoleon's  most  splendid  victories. 

States  of  the  Churca. 

Rome,  the  most  celebrated  city  on  the  globe, 
is  fifteen  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  Among 
the  structures  and  monuments  of  greatness,  that 
excite  the  interest  of  travelers,  is  the  great  St.  Peter's, 
the  largest  cathedral  ever  built 

Naples. 

Naples1,  or  the  two  Sicilies,  includes  the 
southern  part  of  Italy,  the  island  of  Sicily,  and  the 
Lipari  Isles. 

These  enjoy  a  warm  climate,  and  have  a  fertile 
soil,  that  produces  the  greatest  variety  of  grains  and 
fruits. 

The  island  of  Sicily  was  formerly  called  the  Gra 
nary  of  Itcdy. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures,  notwithstanding, 
are  in  a  very  backward  state. 

NAPLES,  seven  miles  from  Mount  Vesuvius,  is 
noted  for  its  beautiful  bay. 

Syracuse  is  noted  for  its  ancient  splendor. 
Marsala,  for  its  delicious  wines. 

Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany. 

One  of  the  most  populous  states  of  Italy. 

The  people  are  industrious  and  enterprising. 

Manufactures,  as  well  as  agriculture  are  flourishing. 

FLOHKNCE,  on  the  river  Arno,  is  noted  for  painting 
and  sculpture. 

Pisa,  for  its  leaning  tower,  1  90  feet  high,  and  14 
from  a  perpendicular. 


46 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Grand  Duchy  of  Tune-any. 


Florence. 


Florence,  situated  on  the  Arno,  is  noted  for  its  Gallery  of  Pa>nt:ngs 
And  Sculpture.    It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  Europe. 

.   Flor'-ence  is  seated  on  the  Arno's  banks  ; 
In  sculpture  and  in  painting,  high  she  ranks. 

Pi-sa  is  noted  for  her  leaning  tower ;  (pe-za) 
Leg-horn',  near  by,  in  commerce  boasts  her  power. 

Small  States. 

Mo-de'-na  rules  the  Duchy  of  Modena ; 
Carrara  there,  for  marble  's  known  to  many. 
Ajaccio  blooms  on  Corsica's  rich  coast, 
And  as  Napoleon's  birth-place  let  it  boast. 

MODENA  is  the  capital  of  Modena. 
Carrara  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  marble. 
Ajaccio,  on  the  island  of  Corsica,  ia  noted  as  the  birthplace  of 
Napoleon. 

Turkey  In  Europe. 

Near  Bos'-pho-rus,  in  sight  of  Asia's  shore, 
Constantinople  hears  Mar-mo'-ra's  roar ; 
Well  fortified,  her  harbor  let  her  boast, 
Her  mosques  and  temples,  but  seraglio  most. 

And  A-dri-an-o'-ple  sits  in  ancient  Thrace, 
Upon  Ma-ris-sa's  banks  her  trading  place. 

Greece. 

Ath'-ens,  in  Greece,  a  town  of  age  and  fame, 
Beside  the  Ghdf  E-gi'-na  writes  her  name. 

Hy'-dra,  upon  an  island  takes  her  rest ; 

Na-po'-li  has  a  harbor  called  the  best: 

And  Navarino  is  remembered  yet, 
For  the  destruction  of  the  Turkish  fleet, 
In  18-27,  when  Frank  and  Russ,  (1827) 
And  Britain,  all  combined  the  Turk  to  crush. 

And  Mis-so-lon'-ghi,  last  of  all,  beside 
The  Gulf  Pa-tras',  —  the  place  where  Byron  died. 


Turkey  in  Europe. 

The  seat  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  the 
,  most  southeastern  country  of  Europe. 

It  is  interspersed  with  mountains,  valleys,  and 
rivers. 

It  is  mostly  watered  by  the  Danube  and  branches. 
It  has  a  fertile  soil,  and  mild  climate ;  and  under  a 
liberal  government  would  be  one  of  the  finest  coun- 
;  tries  of  Europe. 

The  court  is  called  the  Ottoman  Porte,  or  Sublime 
Porte. 

CoxsTANTixopir.,   in   the   southeastern   part   of 
Europe,  upon  the  Bosphorus,  near  Asia  and   the  sea 
|  of  Marmora,  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  Europe. 
The  seraglio,  or  imperial  palace,  is  a  city  of  itself. 

Greece. 

One  of  the  most  distinguished  countries  on 
i  the  globe.  Noted  for  its  great  antiquity,  and  for 
I  having  been  the  cradle  of  the  arts  and  sciences. 

It  has  lately  been  rescued  from  Turkish  thraldom, 
1  by  the  combined   aid  of  Russia,  France  and  Eng 
land  ;  and  is  now  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

ATHENS  is  noted  for  its  antiquity,  and  importance 
in  former  times. 

Navarino  is  noted  for  the  destruction  of  the  Turk 
ish  fleet,  October  20th,  1827,  by  the  combined  fleets 
of  the  French,  English  and  Russians,  under  Admiral 
Codrington. 

Missolonghi  is  noted  as  being  the  place  of  Byron's 
death;  April  19th,  1824. 


Athens. 

Athens,  the  capital  of  Greece,  was  one  of  the  most  cele 
brated  cities  of  antiquity.  It  was  anciently  the  seat  of 
learning,  eloquence,  philosophy,  poetry,  and  the  fine  aru. 


Town  of  Syra. 

Syra,  on  the  island  of  Syra,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
is  buill  on  a  conical  hill,  and  has  a  vrty  singular  appear 
ance  from  a  distance.  It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
towns  in  Greece. 


ASIA 


Rows  cnr  PALMYRA. — The  ruins  of  Palmyra  are  among  the  most  remarkable  anywhere  found,  consisting  mostly  of  temple*, 
palaces,  porticos,  &c.,  of  Grecian  architecture.    It  is  supposed  to  be  the  Tadmor  in  the  desert,  b«Ht  by  Solomon. 


Asia  is  noted  as  the  largest  of  the  grand  divisions  of  the  globe ;  as  having  been 
the  abode  of  our  first  parents,  and  the  theater  where  most  of  the  events,  recorded 
in  the  scriptures,  transpired,  and  as  containing  more  inhabitants  than  all  the  rest 
of  world. 


€ape§. 


(770) 


(720) 
(710) 


Cape  Tay'-mour's  parallel  is  seventy-seven, 
Where  one  eternal  winter  finds  a  haven. 
Near  seventy-two  Svi-a'-toi's  limits  run ; 
As  SkoF-at-skoi  is  scarcely  seventy-one. 

East  Cape,  beneath  the  Arctic  Circle  lies, 
While  south  and  west,  Fa-de'-va  's  seen  to  rise ; 
And  Pack-a-chin'-skoi,  with  Lo-pat'-ka  lower, 
From  cold  Kam-schat'-ka's  bleak  and  frozen  shore. 

The  Gulf  Si-am'  around  Cambodia  raves ; 
Ma-lac'-ca  rears  Ro-ma'-nia  o'er  the  waves. 

And  Cape  Ne-gras'  lies  westward  from  Ran-goon', 
Where  the  Bay  of  Bengal  heaves  the  watery  moan. 
South  of  Hindoostan,  Com-o-rin'  we  see, 
North  eight,  and  east  the  seventy-eighth  degree. 


And  Mus-sen-doori ',  and  Roa-al-gacf,  belong 
In  Ar'-a-by,  and  finish  out  the  song. 


Rivers. 

To-bot  and  h'-sim  with  the  Ir"-tish  join 
IH  Cf-bi's  stream,  that  rolls  to  Obi's  brine. 
And  Yen-e-se'-i  with  Ton-goos'-kn  glide 
Where  Pi-a-ci'-na  scours  the  Arctic  tfde. 
There  An-a-bar'-a  and  0-lensk'  unfold, 
With  Le'-na  in  the  same  bleak  ocean  rofl'd. 
And  Ya'-na  drives,  amid  the  frozen  spray, 
With  In-di-gri'-ca  and  dark  Kat-a-ma. 

And  An-a-dir'  pours  eastward  to  the  sea, 
Last  in  the  list  of  cold  Siberia. 


'47) 


48 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


RIVERS   OF   THE   EASTERN    COAST. 
Son-ga-ri  drives,  joined  with  the  bold  A-nvjur', 
In  Tartary's  Channel,  from  the  Tartar  shore. 
Ho-ans;  Ho  and  Ki-ang  Kit  eastward  stray, 
From  Chinese  shores  into  the  Yellow  Sea. 
From  China,  to  her  sea,  Ho-ang'  Ki-ang' 
For  ages  past,  has  'neath  the  tropic  sang. 
O'er  India's  plains,  China  and  Thibet  too, 
To  China  Sea,  Cam-bo-di-a  murmurs  low. 

RIVERS   OF   THE    SOUTHERN    COAST. 
From  Thibet  southward  rolls  the  Ir-ra-wad'-da, 
O'er  India's  plains,  a  bold,  gigantic  body. 
And  Bur-aw-poo'-ter,  called  by  some  San-poo', 
From  Thibet  comes,  passing  Hindoostan  through. 


Jum-na'  and  Gan'-ees,  both  of  Hindoo  birth ; 

Go-dave'-ry  too,  and  Krist'-na,  in  her  mirth, 

To  the  Bay  of  Bengal  send  their  billows  forth. 

Westward  Ner-bud-dah  rolls  to  Cambay  Gulf, 

Smiling  on  Hindoo  shores,  as  smiles  the  sylph. 

The  Iri-dus  empties  in  the  A'rab  Sea, 

'Tween  Hindoo,  Af-ghan,  and  the  Bel-oo-chce'. 

Hcl-mund'  runs  westward  into  Dura  Lake, 

Whose  murmuring  waves  the  Afghan  borders  shake. 

The  Ted-zen  mingles  with  the  Caspian  brine, 

'Tween  Persian  shores  and  Tartary  the  line. 

And  Ji'-tion  rolls  with  Si'-kon  by  her  side, 

In  Tartary,  where  Aral  opens  wide. 

The  Ti-gris  and  the  great  Eu-phra-tes  joined, 

Into  the  Persian  Gulf  with  murmurs  wind. 


TOWNS   AND    COUNTRIES. 


Siberia. 


Traveling  iu  Siberia. 


The  traveling  in  Siberia  is  performed  mostly  by  menus  of  dogs. 
Three,  five,  seven  or  more,  as  the  load  requires,  are  harnessed 
topetuer  before  the  light  sleds,  which  are  easily  drawn  over  Ui«  ice 
and  snow. 

To-bolsk',  upon  the  To'-bol,  is  the  place, 
Or  chief  abode  of  Russia's  exiled  race. 

Ir-koutsk',  on  the  An-ga'-ri-a  river  seen, 
Chief  town  of  East  Si-be-ri-a,  I  ween. 

Ki-ach'-ta  on  Se-lin'-ga's  banks  is  laid, 
The  only  spot  where  Russ  and  Chinese  trade. 

Ya-kutsk'  on  Le-na,  Ok'-hotsk  near  the  tide, 
Are  by  the  fur-trade,  in  one  bond  allied. 

Japan. 

On  Nlph'-on  Isle,  Jed-do  stands  first  in  place, 
With  near  two  millions  of  the  human  race. 

Me-a'-co  where  D'utri  makes  abode,  (da-ee-'ree) 
One  hundred  sixty  from  the  Jeddo  road. 

And  Nan-ga-sack'-i  is  the  only  port, 
Where  European  traders  make  resort. 

Independent  Tartary. 

And  Bok'-ha-ra  and  Sam-ar-cand'  abide, 
In  Tartary  along  the  Ko-huk  tide. 
Ot'-rar  and  Tas'-cant  by  the  Si'-hon  keep, 
By  Ji'-hon's  waters  Balkh  and  Kie'-va  sleep. 


Siberia. 

Siberia,  or  Russian  Asia,  is  noted  as  being 
an  almost  unbounded  expanse  of  level,  frozen  desert 

It  extends  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Some  of  the  southern  districts  are  fertile. 

The  Ural  and  Atlay  Mountains  yield  gold,  silver, 
platina  and  precious  stones. 

TOBOLSK,  the  chief  town  in  Siberia,  is  noted  as 
the  residence  of  distinguished  exiles. 

Kiachta  is  the  only  place  where  the  Chinese  allow 
the  Russians  to  trade. 

Yakutsk  and  Okhotsk  are  the  chief  emporiums  of 
the  fur  trade. 

Japan. 

A  small  empire  east  of  Asia  ;  comprising 
the  islands  of  Niphon,  Jesso,  Kiusiu  and  Sikoko. 

The  inhabitants  are  the  most  civilized,  the  best 
educated,  and  sustain  the  best  morals  of  any  country 
of  Asia. 

It  is  the  only  country  of  Asia  where  the  rights  of 
women,  are  respected. 

Their  laws  are  very  severe ;  quartering  the  body, 
immersion  in  hot  oil,  crucifying,  &c.,  are  among  their 
modes  of  punishment. 

The  parent  suffers  for  the  child's  crimes,  and  the 
child  for  the  parent's. 

JF.DDO  is  one  of  the  most  populous  cities  on  the  globe. 

Meaco  is  the  residence  of  the  Diari,  or  spiritual 
emperor,  the  head  of  the  Sinto  Religion. 

Independent  Tartary. 

Noted  for  the  independent  and  roving  char 
acter  of  its  inhabitants ;  and  for  its  having  been  the 
seat  of  rule  for  Ghenghis  Khan,  Tamerlane  and 
others. 

It  is  bounded  on  three  sides  by  mountains  and 
deserts ;  and  on  the  fourth  by  the  Caspian  sea. 

The  Tartars  are  subject  to  no  foreign  power,  and 
are  not  united  under  any  one  government.  'J  'hey  are 
a  pastoral  people.  Their  favorite  food  is  horseflesh. 


ASIA 


China. 


Pekm. 

Pekin.  with  the  exception  of  London,  is  the  most  populous  city  on 
the  glolto.  It  is  near  the  great  Chinese  Wall.  It  contains  the  palace 
of  the  Kmperor.  which  forms  one  of  its  principal  features.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Chinese  and  Tartar  city. 

Pe'-kin,  the  first  in  population,  stands 
Near  the  great  wall  that  guards  the  Chinese  lands. 
Nan-kin,  known  for  her  tower,  from  Pekin  south, 
Two  hundred  forty  from  Ki-ari-ku's  mouth. 


Canton,  .he  great  commercial  town  of  China. 
Canton  mono  of  i  te  most  commercial  cities  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 
Nearly  all  the  teas  iold  to  foreign  nations  are  shipped  from  thi»  port 
It  was  until  qj.U-.  :  He  the  only  port  Europeans  were  permitted  to 
trade  at. 

In  eomir»*r<  e,  first,  Canton,  on  Canton  River, 
Where  Evr.'.y  ;ans  sail,  their  teas  to  gather. 

Chinese  Tartary. 

Yor'-kiKic7.  by  Yorkund  River,  finds  a  home  ; 
'Tis  'vVn^H/   A.sia's  chief  emporium. 
Maini-Vu'-r  I"  i  makes  the  mountain  pass  her  bed, 
When.,  v.i'l  Ki-ach'-ta  China  holds  a  trade. 

Yo'Vur/'  .'?  '.he  emporium  for  central  Asia. 

Malm  itchin.  by  a  mountain  piss,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Sayans'.</i  Mountains,  from  Kiachta  in  Siberia,  is  noted  as  the 
only  i  '.are  at  which  the  Russians  are  allowed  la  trade. 


,  Chinese  Empire. 

Noted  for  its  great  antiquity,  and  for  being 
the  most  populous  umpire  on  the  globe. 

It  embraces  China,  Chinese  Tartary,  Uorea  and 
Thibet;  the  population  of  which  is  estimated  at 
'^50,000,000,  the  greatest  number  ruled  by  any  one 
man. 

The  ruler  of  this  immense  mass  of  beings,  is  an 
absolute  despot,  but  governs  his  subjects  in  a  parental 
manner.  He  is  styled  the  Son  of  Heaven.  He 
belongs  io  the  Mantchoo  race,  by  whom  China  was 
conquered  in  1644. 

China. 

The  basis  ol  Hie  Chinese  Empire;  noted 
for  the  jealous  characlei  of  its  inhabitants,  ami  tor 
the  Tea  plant,  which  is  cultivated  to  such  an  extent 
thai  it  supplies  the  whole  world.  It  is  estimated  that 
60,000.000  pounds  arc  annually  exported  to  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

The  Imperial  Canal  is  600  miles  in  length. 

The  Great  Wall  is  1,500  miles  in  length,  and 
twenty-four  feet  high.  It  is  the  greatest  work  ever 
performed  by  man. 

Pressing  live  feet  of  females  while  children,  to 
prevent  their  growth,  is  a  prevailing  custom  among 
the  Chinese,  and  is  their  criterion  of  female  beauty. 

The  principal  food  of  the  nation  is  rice,  though 
rats,  puppies,  mice,  &c.,  are  common  dishes. 

The  army  amounts  to  800,000  men,  but  their 
mode  of  warfare  is  vastly  inferior  to  the  European. 

Learning  is  highly  prized  in  China,  and  is  the  only 
requisite  qualification  for  office. 

Nankin  is  celebrated  for  its  porcelain  tower,  200 
feet  high. 


The  Great  Chinese  Wall. 

The  Chinese  Wall  is  unquestionably  one  of  the  greatest 
work?  ever  performed  !>y  man.  It  was  Imill  l>y  ih«  Clii- 
nese.  as  a  defense  against  the  Tartars.  It  is  1.5(1(1  m:U'S 
long,  twi-iity-fpiir  feet  high,  and  broad  enough  for  several 
horsemen  to  ride  abreast. 


Chinese  Tartary. 

An  elevated  country  on  the  table  lands  of 
the  Himmaleh,  Kuenlin  and  Celestial  Mountains.  It 
is  a  cold  country,  inhabited  by  a  pastoral  people,  of 
whom  but  little  is  known. 


50 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Thibet. 


Worship  of  the  Grand 

The  worship  of  the  Grand  Lama  constitutes  the  religion  of  a  great 
portion  of  Central  Asia.  He  is  considered  by  his  worshippers  the 
Everlasting  Father  of  Meaven.  They  believe  that  when  he  dies  his 
soul  passes  into  the  body  of  some  child,  who  is  sought  ailer  by  the 
priest,  mid  immediately  exalted  to  the  throne. 

Las'-sa,  in  Thibet  makes  her  proud  abode, 
Where  the  Grand  Lama  sits,  a  human  god. 

Turkey.— Syria  and  Palestine. 

A-lep'-po  by  an  earthquake  torn  of  late, 
Is  first  in  rule  o'er  little  and  o'er  great. 

On  Pkarphar's  tide,  Damascus  makes  her  throne, 
For  silks  call'd  damask,  and  for  sword  blades  known. 

Jerusalem  reigns  just  thirty  miles  from  sea, 

Jaf '-fa,  her  port,  northwest,  is  known  to  be. 
Southwest  of  all,  Ga-za  is  on  the  const, 
For  caravans  it  is  a  resting  post. 

Acre,  from  Jaffa  north,  her  fortress  rears  ; 

On  Leb'-a-non,  one  Diar-el  Kai-mer  peers ; 

Bal'-bec  is  by  the  feet  of  Leb-a-non; 

Pal-my-ra  in  the  desert  lives  alone. 

Both  these  are  known  for  relics  of  the  past, 
Where  ruins  rise  on  every  side  aghast. 

Asia  Minor 

Smyrna  is  seated  where  Le-vant'  is  found, 

As  south  the  Black  Sea  dwells  fair  Treb-i-zond'. 

Bru'-sa,  near  by  the  sea  that's  called  Mar-mo '-ra, 
Was  once  the  capital  of  Turkish  glory. 

An-go-ra  in  the  interior  is  built, 
And  famous  for  a  goat  with  hair  like  silk. 

Mesopotamia  and  Armenia. 

Bas-so-ra  is  a  place  of  wealth  and  trade, 
On  S/iut'-el  A' -rah  is  her  station  made. 

Bagdad,  that  lives  upon  the  Tigris  shore, 
Was  once  the  seat  of  Calif  rule  and  power. 


Thibet 

Noted  for  being  the  most  elevated  country 
on  the  globe,  and  for  the  worship  of  the  Grand  Lama. 

It  is  situated  on  the  table  lands  of  the  Himmaleh 
Mountains,  so  elevated  that  the  cold,  in  the  winter 
season,  is  intense.  The  sky  at  all  seasons  appears  as 
black  as  ink.  The  stars  shine  with  the  effulgence  of 
suns ;  there  is  no  twilight  that  precedes  the  rising,  or 
succeeds  the  setting  of  sun  or  moon ;  nnd  were  there 
not  mountain  peaks  of  a  still  higher  elevation,  to 
foretell  the  opening  or  closing  of  day,  it  would  be 
one  sudden  change  from  darkness  to  light,  and  from 
light  to  darkness. 

Turkey  in  Asia. 

Noted  for  its  fine  climate  and  fertile  soil, 
and  as  having  been  the  seat  of  most  of  the  events 
narrated  in  Bible  History,  and  the  theater  of  more 
changes  than  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 

It  comprises  Syria,  Palestine,  Asia  Minor,  Meso 
potamia  and  Armenia. 

Syria  and  Palestine. 

STRIA. — Noted  tor  its  importance  in  former 
times,  when  Tyre,  Damascus,  Antioch,  Balhec  and 
Palmyra,  were  in  their  glory. 

It  was  conquered  by  the  Pacha  of  Egypt  in  I83'<2; 
but  restored  by  the  interference  of  the  European 
powers  in  1840. 

PALESTINE. — Noted  as  the  Holy  Land,  the 
inheritance  of  the  Israelites,  and  as  the  theater  where 
the  most  important  events  have  occurred  that  th^ 
world  has  ever  witnessed. 

Asia  Minor. 

Th£  peninsula  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  Black  seas.  Noted  for  its  delightful  climate,  and 
as  having  been  the  seat  of  the  kingdoms  of  Lydia 
and  Troy. 

Mesopotamia  and  Armenia. 

MESOPOTAMIA  was  once  the  seat  of  the 
mighty  Babylon ;  of  Paradise ;  of  the  Tower  of 
Babel;  of  the  kingdom  of  Ninuod,  Uyrus,  Darius, 
Alexander,  &c. 

ARMENIA,  north  of  Mesopotamia,  is  noted 
as  the  place  where  the  Ark  rested  after  the  flood. 

Towns  of  Turkey  in  Asia. 

AiEPi-o,  the  capital,  once  a  flourishing  city,  was 
destroyed  by  an  eaithquake  in  1822. 

Damascus  is  noted  for  sword  blades,  and  a  silk 
called  d'/tnuxk. 

Jerusalem  is  thirty  miles  in  the  interior.  Jaffa  is 
its  port 

Gaza  is  a  resting  place  for  caravans,  before  crossing 
the  desert  to  Egypt  and  Arabia. 


ASIA. 


51 


Mo-sul'  likewise  drinks  from  the  Tigris  flood, 
For  muslins  known,  where  Nineveh  once  stood. 

Hil-lah,  beside  Euphrates  makes  her  throne, 
Built  on  the  site  of  mighty  Babylon. 

Ar-me-nia's  capital  is  Er-ze-roum'; 

Van  on  Lake  Van,  a  fortress  of  renown. 

Arabia. 

Mec'-ca,  where  old  Mahomet  took  his  birth  ; 
With  fair  Me-di'-na  where  he  veils  his  earth. 
Yem'-bo,  Medina's  port,  is  by  the  sea ; 
Jid'-da  is  Mecca's  port,  all  will  agree. 


Mocha. 


Mocha,  though  in  somewV.at  of  a  decayed  state,  is  R.ll  the  most 
important  port  of  Arabia  on  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  noted  for  its  excel 
lent  coffee,  which  is  carried  to  most  parts  of  the  world. 

Mo'-cha,  chief  seaport  town  of  Ar'-a-by, 
Whose  coffee  's  drank  on  every  shore  and  sea  ; 

Mus'-cat,  a  seaport  town,  well  fortified. 
The  Sacerdotal  prince,  or  Imam's  pride. 
Southeast  it  stands  where  the  Persian  Gulf  unfurls, 
And  mucii  renowned  for  trade  in  shells  and  pearls. 

Persia. 

Te-he'-rap,  where  the  El'-burg  peaks  arise, 
Heaves  up  her  warlike  forehead  to  the  skies. 

And  Is-pa-han',  once  capital,  is  lain, 
In  the  interior,  on  a  fertile  plain. 

Shi-raz',  famed  for  her  wine  and  Persian  lore, 
Near  where  Per-sep'-o-lis  in  ruins  lower. 


Acre  is  noted  for  its  strong  fortress. 

Balbec  at  the  foot  of  Lebanon,  and  Palmyra,  in  the 
desert  east  of  Balbec,  are  noted  tor  their  remarkable 
ruins. 

Bassora,  on  Shut'  el  Arab,  is  a  place  of  great  wealth 
and  importance. 

Bagdad  was  the  seat  of  the  caliphs. 

Mosul,  on  the  Tigris,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient 
Nineveh,  is  noted  for  muslins. 

Hillah,  on  the  Euphrates,  is  supposed  to  be  near 
the  site  of  ancient  Babylon. 

Erzeroum  is  the  capital  of  Armenia. 

Van,  on  Lake  Van,  has  a  strong  fortress. 

Arabia. 

The  birthplace  of  Mahomet.  It  lies  between 
the  Red  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf.  Noted  for  the  un 
changing  character  of  its  inhabitants ;  for  its  great 
antiquity ;  for  its  burning  sandy  deserts ;  its  superior 
coffee,  and  as  being  the  center  of  the  Mahommedan 
Religion. 

It  is  divided  into  Arabia  Petrsea,  or  stony  Arabia, 
in  the  northwestern  part;  Arabia  Deserta,  or  Desert 
Arabia,  in  the  interior;  and  Arabia  Felix,  or  Happy 
Arabia,  in  the  southern  part. 

The  Bedouins,  [bed-oo-weens]  or  the  wandering 
Arabs  that  inhabit  the  desert,  subsist  chiefly  by  rob 
bery  and  plunder. 

MECCA,  the  birthplace  of  Mahomet,  is  regarded  as 
the  capital. 

Medina  is  important  as  the  place  of  his  tomb. 

Muscat,  the  capital  of  Oman,  and  governed  by  the 
Imam,  or  sacerdotal  prince,  is  the  entrepot  for  the 
merchandise  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  which  it  is  sit 
uated.  It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  trade  in  pearls. 

Moore's  inimitable  song  of  Araby's  Daughter,  has, 
among  its  other  merits,  the  glow  of  oriental  scenery. 

Farewell — farewell  to  thee,  ARABY'S  daughter! 

(Thus  warbled  a  PERI  beneath  the  durk  sea:) 
No  pearl  ever  lay,  under  OMAN'S  grefii  water, 

More  pure  in  its  shell,  than  thy  sp.rit  in  thee. 

But  !ong  upon  ARABY'S  green  sunn/  highlands. 
Shall  maids  and  their  lovers  reruembf  r  the  doom 

Of  hfr.  who  lies  sleeping  among  the  Pearl  Islands, 
With  nought  but  the  sea-star  lo  light  up  her  tomb. 

We'll  dive  where  the  gardens  of  coral  lie  darkling, 
And  plant  all  the  rosiest  stem?  at  thy  head  ; 

We'll  seek  where  the  sands  of  the  Caspian  are  sparkling, 
And  gather  their  gold  to  strew  over  thy  bed. 

Persia. 

Noted  for  its  great  antiquity  and  importance 
in  early  times. 

A  large  portion  is  barren,  mountainous  and  desti 
tute  of  running  streams.  It  is  the  most  fertile  on 
the  borders  of  the  Caspian  sea. 

The  Persians  are  the  most  learned  of  the  Asiatic 
nations. 

They  manufacture  the  most  beautiful  carpets,  silk 
shawls,  porcelain,  &c  ,  in  the  world. 


52 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


Bu-shire',  chief  seaport  on  the  Persian  Gulf; 

Or-mus,  known  once  for  commerce  and  for  wealth. 

Gam-broon'  and  Min-ab,  near  to  Oi-mus  keep, 
On  the  same  shore,  beside  the  coral  deep. 

Yezd,  where  the  Gke'-ber  finds  a  last  repose, 
South  of  the  desert  blooms,  as  blooms  the  rose. 

Sul-ta'-nia,  found  on  I'-rack's  northern  beat, 
The  king's  resort  in  summer  from  the  heat. 

Still  farther  north,  in  A-der-bi'-jan  peers 
Ta-breez',  a  splendid  town  in  former  years. 

Gour-gaun',  a  fortress  by  the  Tartar  line, 
On  Persian  shores  east  from  the  Caspian  brine. 

Afghanistan. 

Cabul,  on  Ka'-ma  tide,  the  Af-ghans  greet, 
Above  the  sea  it  stands  six  thousand  feet. 
'   O'er  Ca'-bul's  kingdom  once  Pesh-awer'  reigned 
The  first  in  rule,  e'er  Cabul  was  enchained. 

And  Can-da-har'  is  by  the  dark  Hel'-mnnd, 
The  central  point  where  Door-au-nees'  abound. 
Northwest  of  all,  He-rat',  with  Persia  trades, 
Where  Hin'-doo  Koosh'  unfold  their  giant  shades. 

Beloochistan. 

Ke-laf  by  Mai' -kid  River,  finds  a  seat, 
On  Mountains  o'er  the  sea  eight  thousand  feet. 

Hindoo  *ta  n. 


Calcutta. 

Calcutta,  on  the  Hoogly,  an  trm  of  the  Ganges,  one  hundred  miles 
from  the  sea.  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities  of  Hincloosinn. 
That  part  of  the  city  where  the  Europeans  reside  is  magnificently 
built.  Its  commerce  is  very  extensive ;  and  the  population  is  esti 
mated  at  623.000. 

Calcutta,  Hindoo's  proud  emporium,  smiles 
On  Ganges,  from  its  mouth  one  hundred  miles. 
On  the  same  tide  Ben-a'-res  has  a  share, 
Ijfur  sixty,  northwest  of  Calcutta's  lair.      (400) 


The  inhabitants  are  well  formed,  and  like  the  Dutch, 
are  great  smokers. 

Teheran,  strongly  fortified,  is  at  the  foot  of  the 
Elberg  Mountains. 

Ispahan,  once  the  capital,  is  on  a  fertile  plain  in 
the  interior. 

Shiraz,  the  seat  of  literature,  and  noted  for  deliciotu 
wines,  is  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Persi|x>lis. 

YeJz,  near  the  center  of  Persia,  is  the  resort  of 
the  persecuted  Ghebers,  or  fire  worshippers. 

8ultania,  in  the  province  of  Irack,  is  the  summer 
resort  of  the  sovereigns. 

Tahrecz  was  once  a  city  of  importance. 

Gourgaun,  oast  of  the  Caspian,  and  near  the  line 
of  Independent  Tartary,  is  a  strong  fortress. 

Afghanistan. 

The  country  which  lies  between  Persia  and 
Hindoostan. 

The  Afghans  are  a  bold  and  warlike  race ;  hospita 
ble  to  strangers,  and  even  to  their  most  bitter  enemies. 

Cabul,  on  Kama  River,  is  elevated  6,000  feet 
among  the  Hindoo  Koosh  Mountains. 

Peshawer  was  once  the  capital  of  Cabul. 

Candahar,  on  Helrnund  River,  is  the  principal 
town  of  the  Dooraunees. 

Herat,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Afghanistan,  is 
the  scat  of  trade  between  Persia  and  India. 

Beloochistan. 

The  country  lying  south  of  Afghanistan. 
It  is  inhabited  by  a  number  of  independent  trills,  of 
whom  the  Bdoochees  are  the  principal.  Like  the 
Bedouin  Arabs,  they  are  a  mixture  of  hospitality 
and  ferocity  ;  generous  and  liberal  when  hailed  in 
their  tents,  but  blood-thirsty  and  clandestine  on  the 
field. 

Kelat,  by  Maskid  River,  is  among  the  mountains, 
8,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Hindoostan. 

A  large  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of 
Asia.  Motet!  for  its  great  fertility,  its  peculiar 
religion,  the  superstitious  character  of  its  ii. habitants, 
and  for  its  great  antiquity. 

The  Hindoo  has  the  skin  of  thu  Negro,  with  the 
features  of  the  European.  They  are  extremely  SIIJHT- 
stitious ;  servile  to  superiors,  cruel  to  their  women  and 
inferiors,  and  destitute  of  niorul  honesty. 

Their  food  is  principally  rice,  which  is  raised  to  a 
great  extent. 

The  cotton  manufactures  of  this  country  have  long 
been  celebrated. 

Benares,  460  miles  northwest  of  Calcutta,  on  the 
same  river,  is  cine  of  the  most  populous  cities  of  In 
dia,  and  noted  as  the  seat  of  learning,  and  as  a  sacred 
city ;  thousands  coming  from  various  parts  of  A  sia 
to  end  ti  •  days  within  iU  environs,  regarding  it  as 
the  sure  gate  to  paradise.  It  is  a  great  mart  for 
diamonds. 


Farther  India. 

As  lr-ra-wad  -da  rolls  her  billows  south, 
A'va  is  found  five  hundred  up  her  mouth. 
As  Um-me-ra-poo'-ra  north  of  this  is  seen, 
Pe-gu'  is  on  the  Delta  of  the  stream. 
South  of  Pe-gu',  where  trade  and  commerce  bloom, 
On  the  same  tide,  behold  the  fair  Ran-goon  , 

Ban  -kok  is  o'er  Siam  a  town  of  note, 
On  bamboo  rafts  one  half  the  houses  float 

Cam-bo'-dia's  capital  is  called  Sai-gon'; 
Beside  Cambodia's  mouth  she  takes  her  throne. 

Hue,  o'er  Co'-chin  China,  next  is  seen,  (oo-a') 
Well  fortified,  and  near  the  Grulf  Ton-quin'. 

On  the  peninsula's  southern  coast  or  shore, 
Malacca  reigns,  with  one  called  Sin-ga-pore'. 


Farther  India  comprises  a  territory  of  about  900,000  square 
miles,  and  has  n  population  of  20,000,000. 

The  eJephant  here  attains  his  treutest  size,  and  is  found  in 
Itirjre  numbers.  The  wh'.te  e:*»phmt  is  highly  valued,  und  in 
Siam  and  Birmah  is  an  object  of  religious  worship. 

The  Siamese  nre  described  as  destitute  of  courage  and  moral 
honesty:  nnd  as  being  lazy  nnd  sluggish  in  their  htibits.  They 
are  purled  up  with  a  national  pride,  and  consider  it  a  great  dis 
grace  to  be  in  the  employ  of  an  European. 

The  governments  of  all  these  states  are  absolute  despotism* 
The  throne  and  person  of  the  sovereign  is  approached  with  the 
profoundest  awe  by  the  nobles  and  officers  of  state,  who  pros 
trate  themselves  liefore  him,  with  their  faces  to  the  earth. 

Females  are  not  restricted  here  to  the  rigid  customs  of  most  | 
Asiatic  countries.  Their  faces  are  not  veiled,  or  their  company  I 
excluded  from  the  other  sex. 


ASIA. 


Of  gems  and  diamonds  read  her  story  o'er, 
Of  pilgrims  dying,  and  of  Bramin  lore. 

Pat'-na  is  on  the  Ganges,  none  can  beat  her, 
Or  match  her  for  her  opium  and  saltpetre. 

Del'-hi,  once  capital  of  Hindoo  rule, 
On  Jumna  branch,  is  known  to  every  school. 

Cash-mere',  whose  shawls  are  of  the  Thibet  goat, 
Stands  north  of  all,  a  city  of  much  note. 
La-hore'  from  Cashmere  south,  o'er  Pun-jab  shrouds 
With  Am-rit-sir',  beneath  her  sunny  clouds,  (seer) 

Su-rat',  Bom-bay',  Go  -a,  and  Man-ga-lore, 
Are  found  upon  Hindoostan's  western  shore. 
While  south  and  east,  Ma-dras'  and  Pon-di-cher'-ry 
Along  the  Cor-o-man' -del  coast  may  tarry. 

Nagpoor'  in  the  interior  writes  her  name, 
Where  Hy-dra-bad'  'mid  sparkling  diamonds  flame. 


53 


Patna  is  noted  for  its  saltpetre  and  opium. 

Cabmen  is  noted  for  its  shawls. 

Hydrabad,  or  Golconda,  is  noted  for  diamonds. 

Farther  India. 


A  large  peninsula  south  of  Thibet.  Noted 
for  its  large,  numerous,  and  majestic  rivers,  and  for 
great  fertility. 

It  comprises  the  Empire  of  Birmah  and  Assam; 
the  kingdom  of  feiam  and  the  British  possessions. 

AVA,  the  capital  of  Birmah,  is  on  the  Irrawadda. 

Pegu  is  on  the  Delta  of  the  Irrawadda. 

BANK.OK  is  the  capital  of  Siam.  It  is  noted  for 
its  floating  houses,  built  on  bamboo  rafts. 

HUK,  capital  of  Cochin  China,  is  a  fortified  tow» 
near  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin. 

Vale  of  Cashmere. 

Cashmere  ia  a  beautiful  vale  of  the  Him- 
maleh  Mountains,  in  the  northern  part  of  Hindoo- 

n.  It  is  elevated  8,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea;  and  enjoys  a  climate  unequaled  in  mildness,  save 
by  the  "  Evergreen  Quito,"  which  it  resembles.  It 
was  not  long  since  in  the  possession  of  the  Afghans ; 
from  whose  rule  it  passed  to  that  of  Runjeet  Sing. 

The  beauties  of  the  Vale  of  Cashmere,  are  por 
trayed  in  the  following  graphic  and  glowing  lines 
from  Moore's  Lallu  Rookh : 

Who  has  not  heard  of  the  Vale  of  Cashmere, 

\Vnli  its  roses,  the  brightest  that  earth  ever  gave, 

Us  temples  and  grottoes,  and  fountains  as  clear 
As  the  love-lighted  eyes  that  hang  over  their  wave! 

Oh !  to  sec  it  at  sunset. — when  warm  o'er  the  Lake 

its  splendor  at  parting  a  summer  eve  throws, 
Like  a  hr.de  full  ot  blushes,  when  lingering  to  take 

A  last  look  at  her  mirror  at  uight  ere  she  goes! — 
When  the  shrines  through  the  foliage  are  gleaming  half 

shown. 

And  each  hallows  the  hour  by  some  rites  of  its  own. 
il»'re  the  'nus:c  of  pray'r  from  a  minaret  swells, 

Here  the  magian  his  urn  full  of  perfume  is  swinging, 
And  here,  at  the  ultar.  a  zone  of  sweet  bells 

Round  the  waist  of  some  fair  Indian  dancer  is  ringing. 
)r  see  it  by  moonlight. — when  mellowly  shine* 
Tlie  light  o'er  its  palaces,  gardens  and  shrines  ; 
When  the  water-tails  gleam  like  a  quick  fall  of  stars. 
And  the  nightingale's  hymn  from  the  Isle  of  Chenars' 
*  broken  by  laughs  anil  light  echoes  of  feet 
Prom  the  cool,  shining  walks  where  the  young  peop'o 

meet: — 

Or  at  room,  when  the  magic  of  dayl'ght  awakes 
A  new  wo.  der   ach  minut",  a?  slowly  it  break?; 
Hills,  cupolas,  fountains,  call'd  f  rth  every  one 
Oi  tof  ilcrkn.FB.  as  they  were  just  born  of  th-  Sun. 
\V1:«M)  t'.e  i?i'irit  of  Frajrt anco  is  up  uith  th-  diiy, 
From  his  H mini  of  night  fiowers  s'eali  •%  av  ay: 
And  the  win:.!,  Rill  of  want  nne--f>,  wo  g,  like  a  lover, 
The  youpg  a.- r«n  tries,  till  they  tp  mbl«  «11  over. 
Whi  n  the  Kaxt  is  as  warm  as  th"  Kght  of  first  hopes, 

And  r>iy,  with  its  banner  of  ra<  fcuice  nnfurl  d. 
Shines  in  through  the  mountainous  portal  that  opes, 
Sublime,  from  that  valley  of  bliss  to  the  world. 

PRONUNCIATION. 


Indigrica,  In-di-gre'-ca 

Balkh,  Balk 

A  raliy  Ar'-a-be 

Caucassus,  Cau^cash'-us 


Thibet  Tib'-et 

Pharphar,       Far-far 
Chen  Yang,  Shen-Yang 
Bakou,  Bu-koo 


A   F   K    I    C  A 


SUEZ,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  south-rn  part  of  the  Isthmus,  at  llie  head  of  the   Reii  «t-u  and  surrounded  by  a  desert  is  im 
portant  as  a  caravan  post  between  Kgypl  and  Arabia;  also  lor  lying  on  the  route  of  the  British  overland-mail,  to  Bombay. 

Africa  is  noted  for  the  dark  complexion  and  degraded  condition  of  its  inhabitants ; 
for  its  burning  climate ;  its  vast  deserts,  and  its  unknown  and  unexplored  interior. 


Capes. 

Guar-daf'-w  Cape  and  Orf'-ui,  part  the  tides ;  [orf-we 
With  Med-o-uin  and  Cape  Ba^-.»a,  tesides.  [Bed-oo-win. 

Then  Cape  Delga'do,  east  of  Mo-zam-l>iqn«'; 

Of  Co^ri-entes  let  Mon-o-ma-ta'-pa  speak. 

Cape  Atn-bro  '»  north  of  Madagascar  Isle. 

While  to  the  south.  Si.  Mary  lives  the  while. 

And  south  of  all   Good  Hope  nods  o'er  the  brine, 
In  thirty-five  degrees  below  the  line. 

Si-er'-ra  Fn'-o  and  the  N<rrthiue*t  Point, 
Are  of  Cim-be'-bas,  as  you  .-e  well  acquaint. 
Cape  Le'-do,  of  Angola  pass,  and  then 
Ctmst  Castle  and  Three  Points,  of  Guinea,  scan. 
Pal-mas  and  Mes-u-ra'-dv  west  of  these, 
In  fair  Liberia,  smile  above  the  seas. 

Cape  Verde,  of  Gimbia  ;  while  Sa-ha-ra's  shore 
Has  Blan'-co.  Bar'-bos,  and  Cape  Ba-ja-dure'. 

Cape  Spar'tel,  near  the  Straits,  and  last  in  song, 
And  north  of  all,  near  Tunis  throned  is  Bon. 


Guardafui, 
Bedouin, 


PRONUNCIATION. 
Orfui, 


Gar-daf'-wee 
Bed-uo-ween' 


Bassa, 


Orf'-wee 
Bax->-aw' 


Rivers. 

The  Mediterranean  sups  the  river  Nile, 
Whose  waves  o'er  IVu'-bi-a  and  Egypt  smile; 

The  Sen-e-gal' ,  the  Gam-bi-a  and  the  Grande, 
Boil  up  from  Senegambia's  burning  sand. 

As  Afes-ur-af-do  bids  Liberia  thrive, 
In  Guinea,  Lu'-gos  and  For-mo'-sa  live ; 

And  Ki-gtr  here  from  Guinea  rolls  her  tide*, 
And  with  Go-boon',  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  glides. 

'Tween  Congo  and  l.o-an'-go,  Congo  rwells 
From  Ethiopia's  scorched  and  unknown  fields. 

C</-an'.za'.\  waves  north  of  B°n-gue'-la  course, 
As  on  her  southern  limits  roars  the  Nintrse. 

The  Orange,  from  South  Africa  we  track; 
While  in  Cape  Colony  boils  up  the  Zack. 

Southward,  the  Gmi'-ritz  turns,  bubbling  foreTcr; 
As  eastward  of  the  Cape  is  Great  Fish  River. 

Zam-bei-e'  southeastward  drives  from  Mo-zanvbiqu«', 
And  bids  her  breakers  the  broad  Channel  seek. 

Dark  Mu-nt-su'-ru  sleeps  in  Zan'-gue-bar, 
Where  farther  north  O-zee'  provides  a  lair ; 

And  last  of  all.  from  Abyssinia's  shores, 
In  Bab-el-Man'-del  Strait,  fair  Ze-lia  roars. 


(54) 


AFRICA.  55 


TOWNS    AND    COUNTRIES. 

Barbary    States. 

The  Barbarv  States  include  Morocco,  Algiers,  Tunis,  Tripoli  and  Barca ;  or  that  portion  of  Africa 
nortli  of  the  great  desert  of  Sahara,  and  west  of  Lgypt  It  is  distinguished  for  the  number  of  its  noxious  animals; 
as  the  scorpion,  serpents  of  a  deadly  venom,  the  hyena,  the  iS'umidian  lion,  and  the  destructive  locust. 

The  people  of  these  states  were  once  extensively  engaged  in  piracies.  The  present  inhabitants  are  Moors,  Jews, 
Arabs  and  Berbers. 


morocco. 

Morocco,  near  Mount  Atlas,  holds  her  reign ; 
Unfolded  on  a  smooth  and  fertile  plain. 

Fez,  for  her  learning,  once  could  boast  with  pride ; 

Southwest  from  Fez,  is  Afe'-qui-nez  espied. 

The  largest  ports,  Ba-bat'  and  Mogadore', 
Are  found  along  Morocco's  western  shore  ; 

Where  European  consuls  take  their  fare, 
Close  by  Gibraltar  Straits,  is  found  Tan-gier' ; 

Known  for  her  pirates  once,  behold  Sal-lee  ! 
That  keeps  her  station  by  the  roaring  sea. 

Algiers. 

Oran  and  Bona  in  Algiers  arise  ; 
The  last,  for  coral  fisheries,  we  prize. 

There  Con-stan-ci'-na  smiles  in  antique  mood, 
And  old  Algiers  boasts  of  her  pirate  blood. 

Tunis. 

Tunis  southwest  the  Carthagenian  throne, 
In  Tunis  reigns  superior  and  alone. 

Kair-wan',  from  Tunis  south,  famed  for  her  mosque, 
Finds  an  abode  upon  the  Barbary  coast. 

Tripoli. 

And  Trip'-o-li,  in  Tripoli  we  scan  ; 
Where  from  the  interior  comes  the  caravan. 

Barca. 

On  Barca's  northern  shore,  is  seated  Derne  ; 
Cy-re'-ne's  tombs  with  wonder  there  we  learn. 

Darfoor. 

And  in  Dar-foor',  Cob-be'  as  monarch  reigns, 
Where  laughs  Tam-bul',  above  her  fertile  plains. 

Fezzan. 

With  Germa,  o'er  Fezzan'  Mour-zouk'  may  shroud, 
Mourzouk  is  compassed  round  by  walls  of  mud. 


Morocco. 

In  the  northwestern  part  of  Africa  The 
Mauritania  of  the  ancients;  embracing  Morocco,  Fez. 
and  Tanfilet. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  despotism.  Agri 
culture  is  neglected,  and  the  only  manufacture  ia 
morocco  leather,  made  of  goat  skins. 

MOHOITO,  the  capital,  is  on  a  fertile  plain,  twelve 
miles  from  Mount  Atlas. 

Tangier  is  noted  as  the  residence  of  most  of  the 
European  Consuls. 

Algiers. 

The  ancient  Numidia ;  situated  east  of 
Morocco.  It  is  the  most  fertile  und  healthy  of  the 
Barbary  States.  Noted  for  ihe  coral  fishery  on  its 
coast. 

It  was  invaded  and  conquered  in  1830,  by  France, 
and  is  now  a  part  of  the  French  dominions. 
ALGIERS,  once  called  the  Pirate  NPSI,  is  built  on  a  hill. 

Tunis 

The  ancient  Africa  Propria.  Noted  as  the 
seat  of  ancient  Carthage,  so  l.>ng  the  rival  of  Rome. 

The  government  is  more  literal,  and  the  people 
more  civilized  than  any  of  the  other  States. 

Trxis  is  noted  as  being  the  capital,  and  as  lying 
near  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage. 

Tripoli 

The  ancient  Tripolis;  it  is  a  dry,  sparsely 
populated  country;  fertile  on  the  coast,  but  mostly 
desert  elsewhere. 

It  is  the  weakest  of  the  Barbary  States ;  but  its 
inhabitants  are  among  the  most  civilized. 

It  abounds  in  ruins  and  relics  of  past  ages. 

Barca. 

The  ancient  Lybia  ;  it  was  once  famed  for 
its  three  crop<  a  year,  but  is  now  mostly  a  desert.  It 
once  contained  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammou. 

Darfoor. 

A  large  oasis  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Sahara.  The  inhabitants  are  M  ahommedaus.  The 
government  is  a  rank  despotism. 

Fezzan. 

The  largest  oacis  in  the  world.  It  is  south 
of  Tripoli,  to  which  country  it  belongs. 


56 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY 


Pyramids  and  Sphynx. 

The  Pyramids  of  Egypt  are  among  the  most  remarkable  work*  of 
antiquity.  They  are  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  Nile,  and  about 
forty  ni  number.  The  largest  is  five  hundred  feet  high,  and  7'W  feet 
ai  the  base.  The  Sphynx  is  a  monster  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  hav 
ing  the  bead  of  a  man  and  the  bodv  of  a  l;on.  it  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  five  feet  in  length.  It  is  now  mostly  buried  in  the  band. 

Fair  Cai-ro  and  Ro-set'-ta  standing  where 
Egyptian  ruins  cloud  die  middle  air  : 
There  Thebes  and  Alexandria  lie  unfurled, 
The  dim  resemblance  of  an  ancient  world. 

Senna  Gambia. 

Temboo,  St.  Louis,  Batlmrst  and  Kem-i-noo', 
In  Senna  Gambia  stand  in  open  view. 
The  first  is  capital,  the  chief  of  all, 
The  next,  on  Senegal,  belongs  to  Gaul. 

Sierra  Leone. 

In  Sier'-ra  Le'-one,  Freetown  let  us  write, 
Reformed  and  christianized  from  heathen  night 

Liberia. 

Mon-ro'-via,  in  Liberia  we  see, 
Where  Afric's  sons  are  numbered  with  the  free. 

Guinea. 

In  Guinea  stand  Bi-af '-ra  and  Be-nin', 
There  Ab'-o-mey — a  pagan  nide  is  seen. 
Coo-mas'-sie,  where  Ashantee's  tribes  abide, 
And  push  their  conquests  round  on  every  side. 

Loango  and  Congo. 

Lo-an'-go,  on  Loango's  coast  unfolds, 
And  Con'-go's  skies  St.  Salvador  beholds. 
The  last  is  throned  upon  a  mountain  high, 
And  famed  for  health  beneath  a  cloudless  sky. 


Egypt. 

One  of  the  most  celebrated  countries  of 
antiquity,  the  cradle  of  the  arts  anil  sciences,  the 
scat  uf  the  kingdom  of  the  Pharaoh*,  is  situated  in  the 
valley  of  the  IS'ile,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Africa. 

It  is  now  noted  for  its  stuj>endt>u5  ruins,  that  attest 
its  former  greatness. 

It  is  at  present  the  seat  of  a  new  and  prosperous 
kingdom,  under  Mahommed  AIL,  who  has  lately  in 
troduced  European  arts,  learning  and  civilization 
into  the  kingdom. 

GKAVII  CAIHO  is  the  largest  city  of  Africa,  am' 
is  the  residence  of  the  Pacha  of  Egypt 

Rosetta,  Thebes  and  Alexandria,  are  all  noted  foi 
the  remarkable  ruins  found  in  their  vicinities. 

Senna  Gambia. 

A  well  watered  and  productive  country, 
south  of  the  Great  Desert. 

The  climate  is  hot  and  fatal  to  Europeans. 

The  English,  French  and  Portuguese  have  anttln 
merits  on  the  coast. 

TKMBOO  is  the  capital 

St.  Louis  is  claimed  by  Franca. 

Sierra  Leone. 

Established  by  Great  Britain,  1787,  for  the 
purpose  of  Christianizing  the  natives. 

The  colony  contains  about  18,000  inhabitants; 
mostly  negroes,  taken  from  slave  ships. 

Freetown  is  a  missionary  station,  established  by 
Great  Britain,  1785. 

Liberia. 

Formerly  an  American  colony — now  an  in 
dependent  republic.  It  was  colonized  in  1821;  he- 
came  independent  in  1847. 

Moxuov  i  A,  the  capital,  was  founded  by  the  Amer 
ican  Colonization  Society,  1820. 

Guinea. 

Comprises  the  kingdoms  of  Ashantee,  Da 
homey,  Benin,  &e.  Noted  for  its  burning  climate. 
The  coast  is  divided  into  the  Grain,  ivory,  and  Gold 
coast. 

COOHASSIE,  the  largest  town  in  Guinea,  is  the 
capital  of  Ashantee,  the  most  powerful  kingdom  in 
the  West  of  Africa. 

Abomey  is  but  a  large  collection  of  huts.  Barbar 
ism  and  paganism  exist  here  in  their  most  hideous 
shapes. 

Loango,  Congo,  Angola,  and  Benguela. 

LOANGO  is  about  400  miles  in  extent.  The 
climitte  is  said  to  be  salubrious.  The  coast  is  high. 

CONHO  is  Iwuntled  on  the  west  by  the  Atlantic; 
on  the  east  by  lofty  mountains. 

ANHOI.A  is  resorted  to  by  slave  vessels,  to  procure 
shves  from  its  coast. 

BE.VOUKLA. — The  coast  is  extremely  unhealthy. 


AFRICA. 


57 


south  Africa. 


Cape  Town. 

Cape  Town,  in  Cape  Colony,  on  the  extreme  southern  shore  of 
Africa.  WH«  tbuiideil  by  the  Dutch  in  1650.  ami  is  now  in  the  pos 
session  offirent  Britain.  It  is  the  great  half-way-house  for  vessels  in 
the  China  or  India  trade. 

Cape  Town,  within  Cape  .Colony  is  found, 
Where  vessels  stop  when  to  the  Indies  bound. 
And  from  Cape  Town,  northeast,  we  likewise  view 
Kur-re-chan-ee',  Ma-show',  and  Lat-ta-kooV 

Mozambique. 

In  Mo-znm-bique',  holds  Mozambique  her  rule, 
Which  wiih  So-fa'-la's  owned  by  Portugal. 

There  Quil-li-mane'  and  In-ham-bane'  behold 
Where  Lisbon  trades  for  ivory,  slaves  and  gold. 

Zanguebar. 

In  Zan'-gue-bar,  dark  Mag-a-dox'-a  breathes, 
And  there  Me-lin'-da  with  Quil-lo'-a  lives. 

Adcl. 

And  A' -del  and  Ber-be'-ra  both  appear, 
Where  AdePs  plains  their  tawny  bosoms  rear : 
For  gums  and  frankincense,  and  costly  myrrh, 
These  both  are  known  and  chronicled  afar. 

Abyssinia. 

And  Mas  -sua,  Gon'-dor,  and  one  Ax'-um  throng, 
Where  Abyssinia's  doors  are  round  them  hung. 
Af=  Axum  spreads  her  ruins  to  the  day ; 
Gondor  is  on  a  hill,  and  built  of  clay. 

Nubia. 

And  Sen'-na-ar,  Shen'-di,  and  Mer-a'-weh  smile 
With  Derr  in  Nubia,  on  the  flowing  Nile. 
Meraweh's  famed  for  temples,  near  her  border, 
ShenJi  for  pyramids  of  ancient  order. 

As  by  the  Xde  Dongola  mounts  the  throne  ; 

Ip-sam'-bul  for  her  temple  well  is  known. 


South  Africa. 

Comprises  Cape  Colony,  Caffraria,  the  Land 
of  the  Hottentots,  and  the  District  of  the  Hoshuanos. 

Cape  Colony  was  settled,  in  1 650,  by  the  Dutch, 
and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Great  Britain. 

CAFFHAHIA,  or  the  COCJJTHY  of  the  CAFFHES, 
extends  about  650  miles  along  the  eastern  coast  of 
South  Africa. 

The  Caffres  are  a  mixture  of  the  Arab  and  Negro. 
They  possess  vigorous  constitutions,  have  brown 
complexions,  with  features  of  an  European  cast, 

THE  BUSHMEN, or  WILD  HOTTENTOTS, are  among 
the  most  degraded  of  the  human  species.  They  have 
sharp,  fierce-looking  features,  and  a  wild  expression  in 
their  eyes.  They  wander  about  without  any  fixed 
habitation,  subsisting  on  roots,  toads,  lizards,  grass 
hoppers,  &c. 

Mozambique. 

A  large  country,  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Africa,  claimed  by  Portugal.  Its  trade  is  ivory,  slaves 
and  gold. 

Mozambique,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  ports  on  the 
coast  of  Mozambique,  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
Portuguese,  who  hold  a  traffic  with  the  natives  for 
ivory,  gold  and  slaves. 

Zanguebar. 

A  marshy,  unhealthy  country,  that  abounds 
in  elephants,  crocodiles  and  venomous  serpents. 

Adel  and  Berber  a. 

Adel,westof  Berbera,is  imperfectly  known. 

Berbera  is  the  most  eastern  part  of  Africa,  and  no 
ted  for  gums  and  spices. 

ADEL  and  BERBERA,  the  chief  towns,  are  noted  for 
their  frankincense  and  rich  gums. 

Abyssinia. 

The  ancient  Ethiopia,  is  an  uneven  country, 
intersected  by  ranges  of  high  mountains.  The  sod 
in  the  valleys  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  is  mild  and 
salubrious. 

The  inhabitants  are  a  cruel  and  licentious  race. 

Axum  is  noted  for  monuments  and  ruins ;  among 
which  are  40  obelisks ;  one  80  feet  high. 

Nubia. 

A  rocky,  sandy,  desert  country,  where  pilfers 
of  sand  are  seen  moving  in  the  wind,  and  where  the 
poisonous  simoom  blows.  It  belongs  to  the  Pacha 
of  Egypt. 

Near  Meraweh  are  a  number  of  temples,  adorned 
with  sculptures,  hieroglyphics,  &c.  One  of  these, 
the  largest,  is  450  feet  in  length  and  160  in  width. 

Near  Shendi  arc  upward  of  40  pyramids,  supposed 
by  many  to  be  older  than  those  of  Egypt. 

DOM;OT.\.  on  the  Nile,  is  the  capital. 

Ipsambul  is  noted  for  a  temple  of  immense  propor 
tion,  excavated  out  of  the  solid  rock.  It  is  adorned 
with  colossal  statues  and  painted  sculptures. 


58 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


Central  Africa. 


Near  Niger's  banks  Tim-buc'-too  finds  a  spot, 

For  caravans  a  place  of  great  resort. 
Se-go'  and  Jena  both  are  towns  of  trade, 
Southwest  from  this,  beside  the  Niger  laid. 

From  Niger  east,  some  hundred  miles  or  more, 
Is  Sack-a-too',  the  first  in  size  and  power. 

The  commerce  of  Africa.  Arabia,  anil  many  other  parts  of  Asia, 
is  carried  on  by  means  of  rara vans  The  camel  is  the  only  animal  that 
can  i-iid.i re  the  scorching  heat  of  the  sanity  deserts.  A  caravan 
sometime*  consists  of  2000  camels,  and  a*  many  persons. 


Soodan,  or  Central  Africa. 

Soodan,  or  Nigritia,  sometimes  called  Cen 
tral  Africa,  is  imperfectly  known.  It  includes  all 
south  of  the  Great  Desert,  and  north  of  Ethiopia. 

Ti  M  HUCTOII,  once  supposed  to  be  a  large  city,  is 
found  to  be  but  a  mere  collection  of  huts. 

Great  Desert 

The  Great  Desert  of  Sahara,  north  of  Soo 
dan,  is  3000  miles  long  and  nlore  than  1000  broad, 
cont  lining  over  1,800.000  square  miles.  This  immense 
expanse  is  nearly  all  covered  with  sand,  which  is 
blown  by  the  wind  in  moving  pillars,  scattering  death 
in  its  fearful  path. 


[The  Red  Sea,  viewed  from  Ras  Mahommed,  on  the  southwest  coast  of  Arabia  Petraea.] 

TheRKoSKA  ica  large  inlet  or  bay.  communicating;  with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Baliel-Mandel  and  the  Gulf  of  Aden 
Its  length  it  about  1400  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth 200.    This  sea  is  bounded  on  theenst  by  Arabia;  on  the  west  by  Egypt. 

It  is  still  memorable  for  the  wonderful  pnssnire  and  safe  deliverance  of  the  children  of  Israel  through  its  waters;  and  for  the 
overthrow  of  the  haughty  Pharaoh  and  the  Egyptian  host. 

The  celebrated  SHIP  of  Miriam,  sung  alter  this  great  drama  (no  Exodus  xv.  20),  is  thus  paraphrased  by  MOORE,  in  one  of  hit 
most  beautiful  and  melodious  strains. 

MIRIAM'S    SONG. 


Sotrso  the  loud  timbrel  o'er  Egypi's  dark  sea ! 
Jehovah  has  triumphM. — his  people  are  free 
Siii<r — for  the  pride  of  the  tyrant  is  broken. 

Hi-  charots,  his  horsemen. all  splendid  and  brave — 
How  vain  was  th^'r  boasting! — The  l<prd  hath  bat  §)>oken, 

And  chariot  and  horseman  are  sunk  in  the  wave. 
Sound  ihe  loud  timbrel  o'er  Egypt's  dark  sea! 
Jehovah  has  triumpa'd, — his  people  are  free. 


Praise  to  the  Couqueror.  praise  to  the  Lord ! 

His  worn  WRS  our  arrow,  his  breath  was  our  sword  !- 

Who  shall  return  10  lell  Egypt  lne  story 

Of  those  she  sent  forth  in  the  hour  of  her  pride? 
For  the  lx>rd  hath  look'd  out  from  his  pillar  of  glory, 

And  all  her  brave  thousands  are  dashed  in  the  tide. 
Sound  ihe  loud  timbrel  oVr  Egypi's  dark  sea! 
Jehovah  has  trtiunph'il. — his  people  are  free. 


ISLANDS, 


Chained  to  the  Arctic  sea  is  Greenland  found, 
Where  winter  spreads  his  desolation  round. 
As  Disco  here  in  snowy  garb  is  dressed, 
Prince  William's  Land  from  Baffin's  Bay  is  west ; 
Southampton  keeps  in  Hudson's  ample  bay, 
While  west  of  all,  Sabine  and  Melville  lay. 
And  Newfoundland  from  Labrador  is  south, 
Where  the  St.  Lawrence  river  opes  her  mouth. 
Prince  Edwards  here,  with  Anticosti  keeps, 
With  one  Cape  Breton,  on  the  liquid  deeps. 

Long  Island  floats  upon  the  azure  wave, 
Where  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nantucket  lave. 
Ber-mu-das  and  Ba-ha'-ma,  blooming  where 
Sweet  spring  distils  her  ever-balmy  air  ;       [smiles, 
Where  storms  and  earthquakes  frown,  and  verdure 
In  summer's  climes  lay  fair  West  India  Isles ; 
Of  these  rich  Cuba  sparkles  o'er  her  stand  ; 
Hay'-ti  and  Por-to  Rico  join  the  band  ;  [torn, 

Though  scorched  by  lightnings,  and  by  earthquakes 
Ja-mai'-ca  there  still  blushes  like  the  morn. 

Southeast  from  these,  and  smiling  on  the  tide, 
Ca-rib'-bee's  mounds  are  mantled  in  their  pride  ; 
There  Bar-ba-does'  and  fertile  Gua-da-loupe', 
With  Trin-i-dad',  stand  in  the  elfin  group  ; 
Jo-an'-nes  dwells  in  Am-a-zon's  broad  mouth, 
With  Mar-tin- Vas',  and  Sax-em-burg  more  south ; 
Au-ro-ra  and  South  Georgia,  dismal  shores, 
Where  winter  with  his  blustering  tempests  roars; 
And  Ter'ra  del  Fu-e'-go,  scorched  by  fire, 
With  Falk'-lmd,  'neath  the  storm's  impetuous  ire  ; 
South  Shet'-land  and  South  Ork'-ney,  unexplored, 
With  Sand-wich  Land,  whose  names  we  scarce  afford; 

And  St.  Hel-e'-na,  where  Napoleon  lay, 
Is  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 
As-cen'-sion  and  St.  Mat'-thew  northly  glow, 
With  .one  St.  Thomas,  and  Fer-nan-do  Po ; 
Cape  Verd,  from  Gambia  west,  conies  in  the  song, 
As  the  Canary  Isles  to  Spain  belong  ; 
Madeira  there  with  sparkling  wine  cup  full, 
In  mountain  garb,  is  owned  by  Portugal  ; 
For  health  renowned,  then  comes  the  fair  Azores, 
Or  Western  Isles,  where  ocean's  dark  surf  roars. 


GMEF.NT.AVD  is  probably  the  largest  island  in  the 
world,  excepting  New  Holland;  it  is  known  to  ex 
tend  more  than  1,400  miles  mirth,  and  how  much 
further  is  unknown.  It  prohahly  reaches  to,  or  beyond 
the  pole,  and  forms  an  Arctic  Continent  of  itselll 

MF.LVILLK  is  noted  as  having  been  the  head  quar 
ters  of  Captain  Parry,  for  two  years. 

NEWFOUNDLAND  is  noted  for  the  greatest  codiish- 
eries  in  the  world.  It  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

NANTUCKET  is  noted  as  a  whaling  depot 

Lovo  ISLAND,  south  of  Connecticut,  is  noted  for 
its  fertility  of  soil. 

THE  BAHAMAS  and  BERMUDAS,  are  noted  for 
their  salubrious  climate.  St.  Salvador,  one  of  the 
Bahamas,  was  the  first  land  discovered  by  Columbus. 

THE  WEST  INDIES  are  noted  for  their  great 
fertility. 

CUBA,  the  largest,  belongs  to  Spain';  it  is  about 
800  miles  in  length,  with  an  average  width  of  75 
miles. 

JAMAICA,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  .West 
Indies,  is  subject  to  hurricanes,  earthquakes,  and 
dreadful  storms  of  thunder  and  lightning. 

JOANNES  is  a  large  island,  lying  in  the  mouth  of 
the  Amazon. 

TERRA  DEL  FUKOO,  or  the  land  of  fire,  is  a  cold, 
desolate  region,  inhabited  by  a  race  of  the  most  mis 
erable  savages. 

ST.  HELENA  is  a  rocky  island  off  the  coast  of 
Africa.  It  is  noted  as  having  been  the  prison  of  Na 
poleon,  from  1815,  to  his  death,  1821.  His  body 
remained  there  till  1 840,  when  it  was  taken  to  France. 

ASCENSION  is  noted  for  turtles. 

CAPE  DE   VEHDES  have  a  hot,  unhealthy  climate 

THE  CANARIES  are  noted  for  canary  birds,  and  the 
Peak  of  Tenerifie,  an  extinct  volcano,  12,250  feet 
high. 

THE  AZORES  or  Western  Islands,  belonging  to 
Portugal,  are  noted  for  fertility  of  soil  and  salubrity  wf 
climate.  t 

MADEIRA,  a  mountainous  island,  is  noted  for  fer 
tility  and  Madeira  wine. 

THE  HEBRIDES  belong  to  Scotland,  they  are 
mostly  barren  and  sterile. 

THE  SIIETLANDS,  north  of  the  Orkneys,  number 
in  all  about  100.  They  are  cold  and  barren. 

ICELAND,  one  of  the  largest  islands  in  the  world, 
is  noted  for  Mount  Hecla.  and  its  geysers  or  springs 
of  hot  water.  The  climate  is  dreary  awl  cold.  It  is 
owned  by  Denmark. 

SPITZBERGEN  is  the  most  northern  land  known; 
it  lies  between  the  77th  and  81st  degrees  of  north 
latitude.  On  its  coast  are  found  whales,  sea-dogs, 
sea-cows,  sea-lions,  &c.  In  the  summer  the  sun  does 
not  set  for  three  months. 


60 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


Great  Britain,  west  of  Europe,  takes  her  post ; 
And  Ireland  borders  on  her  western  coast  ,- 
And  Fa'-roe,  Shet-land  and  the  Ork'-nejs  gaze 
Still  further  north,  where  sleep  the  Heb'-ri-des ; 

Fu-en'  and  Zeal-and  east  of  Denmark  keep  ; 
Born-holm  and  Ru'-gen  in  the  Baltic  sleep  ; 
O'-land  and  Goth-land  there  in  slumbers  lay, 
And  A' -land  gazes  o'er  the  Baltic  sea. 

Of  tbe  Mediterranean. 

Mi-nor'-ca  and  Ma-jor'-ca,  east  of  Spain, 
With  Iv'-i-ca  assert  their  watery  reign  ; 
Sar-din'-i-a  on  her  watery  throne  I  found, 
With  Cor'-si-ca,  her  sister,  by  her  crowned  ; 
Cy' '-press  and  Can'-di-a  in  angelic  mien, 
With  Slc'-i-ly  in  the  same  bright  sea  are  seen. 

Of  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

The  foxes'  empire,  No-va  Zem-bla,  stands, 
And 'o'er  the  pole  Spitz-ber-yen  holds  her  hands. 

Of  the  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

Com-o'-ro  Isles,  Bour-bon,  and  Isle  of  France, 
With  Mad-a-gas '-car,  from  the  waves  advance ; 
And  Lac'-a-dives  and  Mai-dives  there  are  strown, 
With  Cha'-gos  Isles,  by  Indian  zephyrs  blown. 
South  of  Hindoostan  blooms  the  fair  Cey-lon', 
Known  for  her  costly  pearls  and  cinnamon ; 
Hai-nau'  is  seated  in  the  gulf  Tonquin,  (ton-keen') 
From  China  east,  Formosa  Isle  is  seen, 
With  Ki-u-si-u  and  So-koke,  we  scan 
Niphon  and  Jesso,  islands  of  Japan. 
From  Niphon  north  behold  Saghalien  Isle, 
While  north  and  east  are  those  we  call  Kurile, 

And  Bor'-ne-o  where  the  ourang-outang  is  found  ; 
Whose  shores  with  forests  and  with  swamps  abound, 
And  Cel'-e  bes,  where  herbs  of  poison  grow, 
And  reptiles  live,  stands  east  of  Bor'-ne-o  ; 
Sumatra  where  Mount  Ophir  towers  the  while, 
As  Java  slumbers  a  volcanic  isle. 
Moluccas  for  their  spices  next  we  name, 
As  the  Philippine  Isles  are  owned  by  Spain. 

Australia,  Ocean's  first  born  offspring  stands, 
And  o'er  his  azure  empire  spreads  her  lands, 
New  Guinea  and  New  Zealand  there  are  lain, 
And  there  Van  Dieman's  Land  usurps  her  reign. 


NOVA  ZKMBLA  lies  north  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
It  is  destitute  of  all  traces  of  vegetation,  save  lichens 
and  mosses.  Yet  on  its  shores  are  found  vast  num 
bers  of  foxes,  white  bears,  walruses  and  seals. 

CORSICA,  100  miles  Ions,  anJ  about  44  wide,  is 
noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon. 

SARDINIA,  160  miles  long  and  60  wide,  is  rich  with 
minerals,  and  hay  a  lor  tile  soil. 

SICILT  was  once  called  the  granary  of  Europe. 
It  is  the  largest  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  is 
noted  for  Mount  Etna. 

MADAGASCAR,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  is  one  of 
the  largest  islands  in  the  world,  being  840  miles  long 
and  300  wide.  Its  inhabitants  are  Arabs,  Negroes 
and  Malays.  The  soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  and  the 
climate  healthy. 

BOITKHON  belongs  to  France.  It  contains  a  volca 
no  in  a  state  of  activity. 

The  ISLE  or  FRANCE,  or  MAUHITIAS,  belongs  to 
England.  It  is  noted  for  a  lofty  mountain,  which  is 
crowned  by  a  high,  rocky  peak,  called  Peter  Botte 
Mountain. 

NKW  HoLLAvn,  or  AUSTRALIA,  is  the  largest 
island  in  the  world,  having  an  area  of  3,500,0(50 
square  miles.  The  whole  of  this  vast  tract  of  land 
is  claimed  by  Great  Britain. 

The  natives  or  aborigines  of  this  island  are  proba 
bly  the  lowest  in  the  scale  of  any  that  belong  to  the 
human  family.  They  are  the  only  race  that  goes 
entirely  naked.  Their  food  consists  of  fish,  snakes, 
snails,  worms,  lizards  and  all  kinds  of  loathsome 
reptiles. 

VAN  DIKMAX'S  LAXD,  situated  south  of  Australia, 
is  noted  as  being  the  place  where  most  of  the  con 
victs  of  Great  Britain  are  now  banished.  The  popu 
lation  is  about  one  third  criminals. 

NKW  ZKALAM>  became  a  part  of  the  British  Em 
pire  in  1840.  The  natives  are  tall  and  well  formal, 
and  were  formerly  cannibals. 

SUMATRA  is  noted  for  Mount  Ophir,  1H,()00  feet 
high.  The  island  produces  large  quantities  of  cam 
phor  and  pepper. 

JAVA  belongs  to  the  Dutch.  It  produces  coffee, 
sugar,  rice,  &c.  Batavia,  the  capital,  is  a  great  com 
mercial  emporium  for  the  trade  of  the  Dutch  in  the 
East. 

CELEBES  is  noted  for  its  vast  number  of  venomous 
reptiles,  flics,  &c.,  that  annoy  the  inhabitants  to  such 
a  degree  that  they  are  compelled  to  build  their  houses 
on  posts,  to  prevent  their  intrusion. 

THK  PHILIPPINES  are  noted  for  terrific  storms  of 
thunder  and  lightning. 

BORNEO  is  one  of  the  largest  islands  in  the  world. 
Its  shores  are  beset  with  swamps  and  forests.  Tho 
orang  outang.  the  connecting  link  between  man  and 
the  lower  animals,  is  found  here. 

The  original  inhabitants  of  the  LADBOXF.S  havo 
been  nearly  all  exterminated  by  the  Spaniards. 

THE  CAROLINE  ISLANDS  are  mostly  all  of  coral 
formation.  They  are  beat  by  a  tempestuous  ocean, 
and  are  subject  to  storms  and  hurricanes. 


ISLANDS. 


61 


The  Caroline,  where  reefs  of  coral  form, 
Brave  the  rough  surf,  the  tempest  and  the  storm  ; 
Lad  rones  beneath  the  Spanish  yoke  are  bound, 
While  farther  north  the  Bonin  Isles  are  found  ; 

The  Sandwich  Islands,  where  Mount  Roa  keeps, 
And  where  Kirauea  flames  above  the  deeps, 
Where  Captain  Cook  was  by  the  natives  slain, 
Are  bound  together  in  the  coral  chain. 

Folded  in  Ocean's  arms,  the  Friendly  Isles, 
By  the  Society,  rear  up  their  piles ; 
Fair  Otaheite,  in  the  last  named  band, 
Shines  like  an  Eden  in  a  fairy  land. 

Marquesas  Isles  are  in  the  burning  zone, 
South  of  the  line  with  those  called  Washington. 
Ju-an'  Fer-nan'-dez  sparkles  in  the  deeps, 
And  young  Chi-lo'-e  near  to  Chili  keeps  ; — 
As  Gal-a-pa'-gos  fronts  the  torrid  skies, 
Van-cou'-ver's  to  the  north  at  fifty  lies;  (50°) 
And  farther  still,  Queen  Charlotte's  Isle  is  sown, 
Where  On-a-las'-ka  and  A-leu-tian  shone. 


The  Aleutian  Islands,  in  the  North  Pacific,  belong  to  Russia. 
They  are  about  forty  in  number,  and  contain  several  active  vol 
canoes.  In  179o  a  volcanic  island  rose  from  the  sea,  which,  in 
1807,  had  enlarged  to  twenty-one  miles  in  circumference. 

The  n  itives  of  these  islands  are  a  mild  race  of  savages,  who 
live  in  large  subterranean  houses,  which  frequently  contain  from 
100  to  150  persons. 


THE  SANDWICH  ISLANDS  are  among  tho  roost 
important  of  the  Pacific.  The  native  inhabitants 
have  all  been  converted  to  the  Christian  religion. 


Otaheite. 

Olaheite  "the  gem  of  the  Pacific,"  is  the  largest  of  the 
Bosicty  Islands.  Its  circumference  is  about  108  miles. 
The  interior  rises  into  high  mountains,  the  sides  of  which 
are  covered  with  rich  verdure.  The  natives  of  this  island 
are  tall  and  well  made;  they  have  lately  been  converted, 
by  the  efforts  of  missionaries,  to  the  Christian  religion. 


Juan  Fernandez. 


Juan  Fernandez  was  formerly  noted  for  having  been 
the  solitary  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk  for  several 
years  ;  from  which  event  sprung  the  celebrated  romance 
of  Kobinson  Crusoe.  It  has  been  described  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  islands  in  the  world. 


Ladies  of  the  Azores,  or  Western  Island*. 


MOUNTAINS. 


Mt.  (Jhimborazo. 


North   America. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  join  in  airy  bands, 

O'er  British  soil  and  over  Yankee  lands. 

O'er  Mexico  and  Guatamala,  too, 

In  the  same  chain,  Cor-dil '-le-rax  we  view. 
As  Ozark  Mountains  in  Missouri  pile, 
In  Tennessee  is  Cumberland  the  while, 
N.  C.,  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Penn., 

Are  bound  together  by  the  Blue  Ridge  chain. 

O'er  the  same  states,  except  the  state  N.  C., 

The  Atteghany  keeps  them  company. 

The  dark  Green  Mountains  in  Vermont  embower, 

And  the  White  Mountains  o'er  New  Hampshire  tower. 

South    America. 

O'er  South  America  the  An'-des  rise, 
With  Chim-bo-ra! '-zo  throned  above  the  skies. 
So-ra-to,  too,  the  highest  peak,  is  there  ; 
Bolivia  is  the  place  he  makes  his  lair. 

Europe. 

As  Scotia's  climes  the  proud  Ben  Ne'-vis  hails, 
Wilh  Grampian  Hills; — Snomlon  is  found  in  Wales. 
With  huge  Cantabrian  and  Iberian  reign 
The  bold  Ne-va'-da  o'er  the  realms  of  Spain. 
Castile,  To-le-do,  and  Mo-ra'-na  steep, 
O'er  Spain  and  Portugal  their  sentries  keep. 

'Tween  France  and  Spain  behold  the  Py-ren-nees' ; 

The  proud  Ce-vennes'  in  France  the  traveler  sees, 

Au-vergne,  near  by,  spreads  out  his  rocky  line  ; 
As  the  Vosges  Mounts  are  west  the  river  Rhine  ; 


The  following  table  shows  the  length  of  the  prin 
cipal  ranges  of  Mountains: 

VTMtS. 

Andes 4  500 

Mexican  and  Rocky  Mountains,  ....  5.500 

Whole  American  Chain 10,000 

Altain  Mountains,  . 5,000 

Mountains  of  the  Moon, 2,000 

Ural  Mountains, }  .  _. 

Atlas  Mountains, 5  1>OJ( 

Dofrafield  Mountains, 1,000 

Olonetz, 1,§00 

Alleghany, 900 

Alps, 600 

Ap[>enines, 700 

Carpathian, 500 

Green  Mountains, 350 

Pyrennees, 200 

The  following  shows  the  hight  of  some  of  the 
loftiest  peaks  of  Mountains : 


FEET. 

29,000 
25,000 
2!.- 14" 
9MMHM 

1 8,890 
17.900 
17,700 
15,685 
14,300 
10,9.r.O 
10,000 
.  8,Ui8 
7,677 

The  highest  inhabited  spot  in  Europe,  is  the  Mo 
nastery  of  St.  Bernard,  in  the  pass  over  the  Grent 
St.  Bernard  .Mountain.  It  is  8,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Here  the  monks  entertain  nil 
strangers  and  travelers,  gratis,  for  three  days.  Dogs 
are  so  trained  that  they  are  sent  out  in  the  storms  of 
snow,  to  rescue  benighted  travelers. 

In  South  America  we  find  large  cities  excelling  the 
above.  They  are  mostly  on  the  table  lands  of  the 
Andes.  Quito  is  9,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 


Chumularee, 

Sorato, 

Chimtiorazo, 

Hindoo  Koosh, 

Cotopaxi,  a  volcano,  ... 
St.  Elms,  highest  in  N.  A.,  . 
Popocatapetl.  highest  in  .  . 
Mt.  Blanc,  highest  in  Europe, 
Antisana  Farm  House,  .  . 
Mount  Etna,  volcano,  .  .  . 

Mount  Lebanon, 

Mount  Sinai, 

Find  us,  highest  in    .... 


Thibet,  .    . 
Bolivia,  .    . 
Equador,  . 
Afghanistan, 
Equador,   . 
Russian  Am. 
Mexico,  .    . 
Italy,  .    .    . 
Equador,    . 
Sicily,  .    • 
Syria,  .    .    . 
Arabia,  .    . 
Greece,  . 


r 


MOUNTAINS. 


63 


As  Switzerland  claims  the  Alps — the  Ap'-pen-ines 
O'er  Italy  unfold  their  snowy  shrines. 

On  Austrian  shores,  upon  the  map  are  traced 
The  Erz'-ge-berg,  with  the  Car-pa! -thi-an  braced. 

He'-mus  in  Turkey,  with  the  O-lym'-pus  mound ; 

While  proud  Par-nas-sus  Mount  in  Greece  is  found, 

The  Dof-fra-field  in  Norway,  and  between 
Norway  and  Sweden,  on  the  map  are  seen. 

0-lentz'  in  Finland,  while  the  IT-ral  chain 
'Tween  Russia  and  Siberia  may  reign. 

Asia. 

In  Turkey  dwells  Tau'-rus  and  Lebanon; 
As  Ar-a-rat'  is  there  on  his  high  throne. 

Ho'-reb  and  Si'-nai  in  their  grandeur  tower, 
With  one  Ram-le-ah,  on  the  Arab  shore. 

Par-a-po-mi' -sus  and  the  Eldwin  brood, 
With  Lou-ris-tari  o'er  Persia's  neighborhood, 

The  Gon-do-ree'  and  Kind,  with  Hindoo  Koosh' , 
O'er  Afghanistan  shores  their  shadows  push. 

Nim-ma'-leh  Mountains  bound  Hindoostan  north  ; 

Hindoostan  is  the  place  where  Qhaut  has  birth. 

From  Thibet  north,  Ku-en'-len  Mountains  peer  ; 

In  Chinese  Tartary  the  Celestials  rear. 

Al-tay',  Sai-ari-skoi  and  the  Ya-blo-noy', 
Along  Siberia  south,  we  next  espy. 

Stun-voy'  is  east,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
Where  O'-kotsk's  billows  round  their  feet  are  tossed. 

Africa. 

In  Barbary  the  Atlas  Mounts  belong  ; 
South  of  Nigritia  is  the  chain  called  Kong. 
Kong  Mountains  join  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon, 
In  Ethiopia,  'neath  the  burning  zone. 

The  Cam-e-roon',  in  Guinea  next  we  see  ; 
A.S  the  Snow  Mounts  are  in  Cape  Colony. 


sea;  La  Paz  12,000;  Guanca  Velica  and  Potosi 
reach  as  high  as  13,000  or  14,000  feet;  and  the 
farm  house  of  Antisana,  the  highest  inhabited  spot 
on  the  globe,  is  sublimely  elevated  at  the  hight  of 
14,300  feet. 

The  sublimest  mountain  scenery  in  any  part  of  the 
world,  is  found  in  South  America.  The  cities  just 
enumerated  are  above  the  region  of  the  clouds  and 
storms,  and  enjoy  one  perpetual  spring,  with  the  clear 
azure  above,  which  is  lit  by  day  with  the  great  lumi 
nary,  and  by  night  sparkling  with  the  effulgence  of 
ten  thousand  stars. 

Travelers  in  ascending  the  Andes  have  witnessed 
storms  of  lightning  and  thunder  raging  in  their  ele 
mental  fury,  thousands  of  feet  below  them,  while 
they  themselves  were  enjoying  the  cool  zephyr,  or  the 
mild  sunshine. 

The  Andes,  seen  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  off  the 
coast  of  South  America,  present  one  stupendous 
wall  of  adamant,  that  in  the  distance  lias  a  hazy, 
blue  appearance,  which  contrasts  and  softens  with 
the  clear  white  of  the  etenial  snow  with  which  the 
top  or  summit  is  crowned. 

The  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  is  Mount  Sorato, 
in  Bolivia;  its  summit  is  elevated  25,000  feet  Illi- 
mani,  near  Sorato,  is  the  second  highest,  being  24,350 
feet.  Chimliorazo,  in  Equador,  is  the  third  in  eleva 
tion,  being  21,4-14  feet. 

The  Alps  are  the  highest  mountains  of  Europe, 
and  among  the  Alps,  Mount  Blanc,  (or  the  White 
Mountain),  towers  above  all  others,  being  15,685  feet. 
It  is  in  the  northern  part  of  Italy. 

Mount  Rlnnc  is  the  monarch  of  mountains, 

We  crowned  h  m  long  ago. 
On  a  throne  of  rooks,  in  a  robe  of  clouds, 

Anil  a  diadem  of  snow. 
Around  liis  wsusi  is  ilie  forest  braced, 

And  the  avalanche  in  his  hand. 
But  uVr  it  fall,  the  thundering  ball, 

Must  pause  for  my  command.. 

Manfrtd. 

The  highest  peak  of  Asia  is  Chumularee.  of  the 
Himrnaleh  range,  being  29,000  feet.  This  is  the  high 
est  mountain  in  the  world.  Next  to  this  is  Dawale- 
geri,  27.H77  feet.  <  >ver  twenty  different  mountains 
in  this  chain  are  said  to  be  over  four  miles  in  hight. 

Mountains  are  sometimes  intersected  hy  rivers, 
which  afford  in  many  places  but  a  narrow  channel. 
The  passages  of  the  Potomac  and  Susquehannah, 
through  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  the  Missouri  through 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  the  most  distinguished. 


Mountains  are  great  obstructions  to. roads  and  canals,  as  well  as  "ivers.  The  roads  over  the  Andes  are  so  dangerous 
and  difficult  that  they  can  be  parsed  only  by  mules  and  lamas  uiey  are  often  constructed  upon  the  side  of  the  moun 
tain  precipice,  where  a  single  misstep  would  precipitate  tl.e  traveler  thousands  of  fret  into  the  yawning  gulf,  or  chasm 
beneath.  The  pass  of  Q  undu,  between  Popayau  and  Bogota,  excels  all  others.  The  highest  part  of  the  road  is 
]  1,000  feet  above  the  evel  of  the  sea.  '•  No  hut,"  says  a  distinguished  writer,  "  is  to  Iw  seen  for  eleven  days  ;  the 
path  winds  through  chasms  for  half  a  mile  in  length,  and  such  places  are  covered  with  the  bones  and  carcasses  of  ani 
mals  that  have  perished  from  fatigue  or  accident." 


VOLCANOES. 


View  of  Slromboli. 

S-tromholi.  on  llie  Lipari  Island*,  north  of  Sicily,  is  on*  of  the  moat 
volcanoes  in  lite  world,  ll  has  luirned  for  more  Ihnn  two  thousand 
without  inttTruplion.  It  is  visible,  nl  the  distance  of  more  than  100 
and  is  sly  kd  the  great  Light  House  of  the  Mediterranean 

Mount  St.  Elias  is  a  mount  of  flame, 
Near  the  Pacific,  in  the  Russian  claim. 

And  Po-po-cat-ayetl,  in  Mexico, 
Has  a  high  summit  covered  o'er  with  snow  ; 

In  Guatemala,  Cus-a-yui' -net  piles, 
And  the  Water  Mountain  or  Volcano  boils. 

In  Eq-ua-dor,  then  Co-to-pax-i  scan; 
As  high  o'er  Chili  flames  the  proud  Chil-lan  . 

IJecta,  in  Iceland,  and  Vesuvius  near 
Naples,  in  Italy,  the  next  appear. 
Ef-na  in  Sicily,  and  the  Stroni-lo-li,  (strom'-bo-lec') 
Just  north  of  Sicily,  burns  o'er  the  sea. 

On  the  Canary  Isles  is  Ten-ne-riffe' , 
Fw-o  on  Cape-de-Verd  rears  her  high  cliff. 
Ki-ru-uea  ur.  the  Sandwich  sits  sublime, 
And  from  its  horrid  crater  pours  forth  slime. 


Volcanoes. 

More  than  two  hundred  volcanoes  are 
known  to  exist  in  the  world  ;  one  half  of 
which  arc  in  America.  But  a  great  many 
have  never  been  described,  and  have  scarcely 
received  a  name. 

Those  of  Europe  and  Asia  are  mostly  on 
islands;  while  those  of  America  are  on  thr 
main  land. 

They  are  distributed  as  follows : 
America,  on  the  continent,  97:    on  islands.  19. 
Kurope,     on  the  continent.    1  :    on  islands.  12. 
Aria.         on  the  continent.    8:    on  islands.  58. 
Africa,  .unknown.  runny. 

More  than  forty  volcanoes  are  continually 
burning  between  Cotopaxi  and  (.'ape  Horn. 
Equador  is  one  great  volcanic  district.  Coto 
paxi,  Tunguragua,  Antissana,  and  Pirhirica, 
are  the  principal  outlets  for  the  internal  fires. 

The  island  of  Java  is  noted  as  having  t> 
greater  number  of  volcanoes  than  any  other 
portion  of  the  earth  of  the  same  size.  A  chain 
of  mountains,  in  some  parts  13,000  feet  high, 
crosses  the  island,  and,  in  the  eastern  part,  ic 
divided  into  a  series  of  thirty-three  separate 
volcanoes,  most  of  which  are  in  a  high  state  ot 
activity. 

An  eruption  of  one  of  the  largest,  in  1772, 
was  one  of  the  most  terrible  on  record.  The 
mountain,  for  a  long  time,  wus  eiivHo|x'd  in  a 
cloud  of  fire.  Soon  after,  the  immense  mass 
sunk  away,  and  disappeared,  carrying  with  it  ninety 
square  miles  of  the  surrounding  country,  forty  vil 
lages,  and  three  thousand  inhabitants. 

KIRATKA,  on  Hawaii,  one  of  tlie  Sandwich 
islands,  is  another  of  the  terrible  volcanoes;  its 
crater  is  seven  and  a  half  miles  in  circumference, 
and  1,000  feet  deep. 


years 

miles. 


View  of  Cotopaxi. 

Cotopaxi  is  fhe  loftiest  volcano  on  the  globe,  and  some 
of  iu  eruptions  have  been  the  inosi  tremendous.  !t  is 
18.890  leel  high,  and  is  one  of  the  most  liruiititul  summit* 
of  the  A  inks.  It  is  a  regular  and  smooth  cone,  wrapped 
in  a  veslure  of  eternal  snow,  which  da//le*  Jii  the  r;'\sof 
the  sun.  with  it  superior  splendor.  Some  of  us  eruptions 
have  formed  the  most  terrific  and  suMirne  scenes  the  eye 
ever  witn»-ssru.  i  IK  names  imve  'j"en  K:IOWI,  ,o  ascend 
3.000  tret  aliovf  the  top  of  the  mountain,  n  is  in  a  slate 
«•:' constant  activity. 


VOLCANOES. 


By  a  terrible  eruption  of  Mt  Vesuvius  in  the  year  79, 
the  cities  of  Herculaneurn  and  Pompeii  were  totally  over 
whelmed  by  the  ashes  and  lava  thrown  from  the  crater  of 
the  volcano.  These  cities  slumbered  in  silence  beneath  the 
congealed  mass  till  the  year  1750,  when  then"  sites  were  ac 
cidentally  discovered  by  some  peasants  digging  in  a  vine 
yard  near  the  river  Saruo.  Since  when,  temples,  theatres, 
shops,  houses,  paintings,  <fcc.,  have  been  brought  to  light 
Here  skeletons  were  found,  some  in  the  attitude  of  prayer, 
some  clasped  together  in  each  other's  arms,  and  some  with 
their  treasures  in  their  hands,  as  if  trying  to  eifect  their 
escape. 

"  Of  MAN  here  many  a  frightful  form 
•        In  grinning  horror  stands, 

Striving  to  'scapo  the  roaring  storm, 

Hie  gold  clenched  in  his  hands. 
Here  skeletons  by  blood  allied, 
Locked  in  each  other's  arms, 
Still  lie  embracing  as  they  died, 
In  terror  and  alarms." 


Mount  Etna  is  one  of  the  oldest  volcanoes 
in  the  world,  and  has  had  some  of  the  most  terrible 
eruptions.  One,  in  the  year  1669,  destroyed  fourteen 
towns  and  27,000  inhabitants.  The  lava  thrown 
out  formed  a  perfect  river  of  fire,  1 ,800  feet  wide, 
and  40  feet  deep;  and  continued  its  course  for  moio 
than  15  miles  into  the  sea, 

Mount  Hecla  is  a  celebrated  volcano,  on  the  island  of 
Iceland.  It  is  thirty  miles  from  the  ocean,  and  5.530  feet 
high. 

Skaptar  Jokal,  on  the  same  island,  had  an  eruption,  in 
1783,  that  rar.ks  among  the  most  terrible,  in  the  destruc 
tion  of  life  and  the  amount  of  lava  thrown  from  its  crater. 
No  less  than  twenty  villages,  containing  in  all  about  9,000 
inhabitants,  were  consumed.  It  was  estimated  that  the 
lava  discharged  would  be  sufficient  to  cover  an  area  of 
1,400  square  miles,  to  the  depth  of  150  feet. 

The  geysers,  or  hot  springs,  or  rather  water  volcanoes, 
spout  hot  water  from  100  to  200  feet  high,  with  &  noise 
that  resembles  the  discharge  of  a  cannon. 


OCEANS 


An  ocean  is  a  vast  extent  of  brine, 

Or  salt  sea  water,  boundless  and  sublime. 

Five  oceans  there  are  found  upon  this  ball : 
Pacific,  first,  the  largest  of  them  all ; 
To  Asia  and  America  allied, 
Eight  thousand  long,  and  full  twelve  thousand  wide. 

Atlantic,  second,  in  the  list  survey, 
Upon  the  west,  bound  by  America  ; 
While  Africa  and  Europe,  on  the  east, 
Heave  up  their  sea-walls  to  her  waves  of  yeast ; 
Three  thousand  miles  in  width — eight  thousand  long, 
In  such  a  space  the  Atlantic  sings  her  song. 

The  Indian  Ocean  is  the  third  in  size, — 
Upon  the  north,  the  Asiatic  shores  arise  ; 
Australia 's  east ;  while  Afric's  west  her  tide  : 
Four  thousand  long,  and  full  three  thousand  wide. 

The  Antarctic  Ocean  laves  the  Southern  Pole ; 
While,  round  the  North,  the  Arctic  billows  roll : 
Asia,  and  Europe,  North  America, 
With  Greenland,  are  the  boundaries  of  this  sea. 


Three-fourths  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  are  covered 
with  water,  and  the  other  fourth  is  covered  by  tlie 
land. 

The  water  forms  five  great  divisions,  called  OCEAHS, 
viz.  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  Arctic,  Antarctic,  and  Indian 
Ocean.  Beside  these,  there  are  many  smaller  divi 
sions,  called  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  &c. 

The  Pacific  has  an  area  equal  to  78,000,000 
square  miles;  the  Atlantic,  20,000,000 ;  the  Indian 
Ocean,  12,000,000;  the  Antarctic,  10,000,000;  the 
Northern,  2,000,000. 

The  extent  of  the  different  seas  are  as  follows: — 
Chinese  Sea,  1,000,000;  Mediterranean,  8,000,000; 
Caribbean,  600,000 ;  Okotsk,  500,000 ;  Black  Sea, 
200.000;  Red  Sea,  100,000  ;  Baltic,  9,000 ;  Irish, 
5,600. 

The  five  great  oceans  form  one  continuous  mass  of 
water. 

The  Ocean  is  one  of  the  sublimest  works  of  Na 
ture,  whether  it  be  in  a  state  of  rest,  or  aroused  by 
storms. 

Roll  on.  thou  deep  and  dark  blue  ocean,  roll, 
Ten  thousand  fleets  sweep  over  thee  in  vain, 

Man  marks  the  earth  with  ruin:  his  control 
Stops  with  thy  shore.    Upon  the  watery  plain, 

The  wrecks  are  all  thy  deeds. 
•  »  •  *  *  • 

Thou  glorious  mirror !  •where  the  Almighty's  face 
Glasses  itself  in  tempest,  in  all  rime, 

Calm  or  convulsed,  in  breeze,  or  gale,  or  storm,— 
Icing  the  Pole,  or  in  the  Torrid  clime, 
Dark-heaving,  boundless,  endless,  and  sublime. 

The  image  of  the  Invisible .'  [Childe  Harold. 


LAKES. 


Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  Rainy  Lake  are  found 

Skirting  Columbia  on  her  northern  bound  ; 
Then  comes  Superior,  Huron,  and  St.  Olair, 

And  Erie  Lake,  with  one  Ontario  fair. 

'Tween  Michigan  and  state  Wisconsin  roars 
Lake  Michigan,  that  laves  the  yankee  shores. 

In  Maine,  is  Moosehead  Lake  and  Um-ba-gog, 
With  Grand  and  Scoo'-dac  in  the  catalogue. 

And  Win-ni-pi-sio' -ge  on  New  Hampshire  lain, 
As  'tween  Vermont  and  York  is  Lake  Ghamplain. 

Oneida  Lake,  Cayuga,  Seneca, 
IB  New  York  state  with  Lake  0-was-co'  lay. 

Wisconsin  hears  her  Wm-ne' -ba-go  talk, 
With  St.  Croix  Lake,  Flam-beau'  and  Tomahawk. 
Leech  Lake,  Itasca,  Devil's  and  Ottertcal, 

In  Minnesota  with  Fox  Lake  we  hail  ; 
Then  Pepin  Lake  and  Spirit  Lake  we  see, 

And  Big  Stone  Lake  there  finds  a  pedigree. 
Salt  Lake  in  Utah  scours  the  Mormon  border, 

Where  Utah  Lake  rolls  up  in  wild  disorder. 

In  California  roars  Lake  Bori-nc-ville, 
There  Turtle  Lakes  their  rolling  waves  distil. 

In  Mexico,  Tes-cu-co  and  Cha-pa'-la, 
As  Ni-car-a' -gua  lives  in  Guatamala. 

In  Venezuela,  Maracaybo  view, 
As  Tit-i-ca-ca  stands  part  in  Peru. 

In  Scotia  stand  Loch  Lomond  and  Loch  2fess, 
With  Toy  and  Ran-noch  in  their  highland  dress. 

Zu-rich,  Lucerne  and  Neuf-cha-tel  combine, 
On  Switzerland's  mounts  to  feed  a  branch  of  Rhine. 
Constance  is  north  of  Switzerland's  rugged  shore, 
Gfeneva  west,  while  south  is  Lake  Mug-giore' . 

In  Sweden,  Wenner,  Wetter  and  Malar', 
Mid  wild  fantastic  scenery  take  their  fare. 
In  Russia,  Pe-i-pus'  and  111' -man  bide, 
Where  roars  O-nei'-ga  and  Lad-o'-ga  wide. 

Tsha-ny  and  Baikal  in  Siberia  roar,  (sha-ny) 
Bal-kash  is  found  upon  the  Tartar  shore. 

As  Afghan  hears  Lake  Durra's  wild  harangue, 
Ton-tia  in  China  keeps  with  Lake  Po  Yang. 

Melgig  and  Alshot  Lakes,  are  in  Algiers, 
Dem-be-ah  Lake  in  Tunis  next  appears. 
And  last  in  Soudan,  Tchad  Lake  finds  a  lair, 
As  Lake  Maravi  roars  in  Zanguebar. 


Lakes  are  large  bodies  of  fresh  water,  surrounded 
by  land,  which  generally  have  an  outlet  into  some 
ocean,  gulf,  or  bay. 

The  great  chain  of  lakes  between  the  United  States 
and  British  America  discharge  all  their  waters  into 
the  ocean,  by  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Lake  Superior,  the  largest  on  the  globe,  stands  at 
the  head  of  this  great  chain.  Its  waters  are  elevated 
between  600  and  700  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  abounds  with  fish  :  trout,  weigh 
ing  from  fifteen  to  fifty  pounds,  are  caught  in  large 
quantities.  The  waters  of  this  lake  are  remarkably 
clear, — a  quality  that  pertains  to  all  in  this  chain. 
The  Pictured  Rocks,  on  the  southern  shores,  are  great 
natural  curiosities.  They  form  a  perpendicular  wall 
of  300  feet,  and  extend  from  twelve  to  fifteen  miles 
in  length.  The  waters  of  this  lake  empty  into  Lake 
Huron,  by  the  St  Mary's  river. 

Lake  Baikal,  in  Siberia,  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh 
water  on  the  eastern  continent. 

Ladoga  and  Oneiga  are  the  largest  in  Europe. 

Geneva,  Neufchatel,  and  Lucerne,  are  elevated, 
among  the  Alps,  more  than  1,200  feet.  They  are 
distinguished  for  the  wild,  romantic  character  of  their 
scenery,  a  feature  that  pertains  to  all  lakes  of  moun 
tainous  districts ;  such  as  those  of  Norway,  Sweden, 
Finland,  Scotland,  Mexico,  and  South  America. 
Their  shores  are  usually  lined  with  daik  forests  and 
rugged  precipices. 

The  following  table  shows  the  size  of  most  of  the 
principal  lakes. 


European  Lakes. 

Sg.  milts. 


Ladoga,  Russia,    "  6,350    Constance,  Switz., 
Wenner,  Sweden,  2,1  SO    Illmar., 
Peipus,  Russia,      -     850  j  Maggiore, 
Wetten,  Sweden,       850 !  Neufchatel, 
Malar,  Sweden,     -    760 1  Lucerne, 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  340  •  Garda, 


Sq.  miles. 


Asiatic  Lakes. 


Aral, 

Baikal, 

Palkati, 


Lake  Tchad, 
Maravi,  - 


9,930 

-     7,540 

3,696 


Van, 

Uroomiah, 
Dead  Sea, 


African  Lakes. 
1  I  Dembea, 
!  Dibbie,  - 


American   Lakes. 
Superior,    -      -    35,000]  Arabasca, 
Huron,  -      -        20,000    Erie, 
Great  Bear  Lake,  ?    Ontario,     - 

Winnipeg,        -     10,000   Titicaca, 
Slave  Lake,    -       12,000    Nicaragua, 
Michigan,       -       16,000 


290 
275 

-  150 
115 

-  100 
180 


1,960 
760 
500 


6,000 
10,000 
7,200 
5,500 
5,000 


(66) 


NIAGARA  RIVER  AND  FALLS. 


NIAGARA   FALLS,    AS   SEEN'   FROM  THE  AMERICAN   SIDE. 

NATURE  has  many  waterfalls,  a  few  cataracts — ONE  NIAGARA!  That  stands  akrae,  vast, 
grand,  indescribable!  —  the  mighty  alembic  in  which  the  world  of  waters  is  refined  and  ethereal- 
ized !  —  the  august  throne  upon  which  Nature  sits, 

clothed  in  the  glorious  attributes  of  power  and  beauty !  .  3£il^l  @Hfi&» 

—  the  everlasting  altar,  at  whose  cloud-wrapt  base 
the  elements  pay  homage  to  Omnipotence!  The 
floods  that  pour  down  its  tremendous  heights,  seem 
gushing  from  the  opened  heavens,  and  plunging  into 
the  depths  of  the  unfathomable  abyss!  Air  groans, 
earth  trembles,  deep  calleth  unto  deep,  and  answering 
thunders  roll  up  the  vast  empyrean !  Like  a  seething 
hell  the  gulf  below  sends  up  the  smoke  of  its  torment* 
and  the  foam  of  agony  thickens  upon  the  face  of  the 
dread  profound,  while  far  above  upon  the  verge  of  the 
precipice,  sits  the  sweet  Iris  —  like  faith  upon  a  dying 
martyr's  brow  —  arching  the  fearful  chasm  with  its 
outspread  arms,  and  smiling  through  all  the  terrors  of 
the  scene. 

This  cataract^  the  most  wonderful  and  amazing  curi 
osity  in  the  natural  world,  is  formed  by  the  precipitous 
descent  of  the  river  Niagara  down  a  ledge  of  rocks  of 
more  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  perpendicular 
height,  into  an  abyss  or  basin  below,  of  unknown,  but 
probably  much  greater  depth.  The  river  Niagara  is 
that  portion  of  the  St  Lawrence,  by  which  the  lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario  are  united. 

Some  idea  of  the  immense  quantity  of  water  forced 


NOTE. — Most  of  the  description  here  givrn  of  Niagara  River  and  Falls,  is  taken  from  "P«CK'»  TOURIST'S  COMPAKION";  a  work 
that  should  be  in  the  possession  of  every  true  lover  of  Nature.  The  language  and  descriptive  talent  of  the  author,  as  will  be  seen 
bv  the  few  eitracts  here  given,  are  in  full  keeping  with  the  sublimity  and  beauty  of  his  subject 

(67) 


68 


NIAGARA  RIVER  AND  FALLS. 


BRIDGE   TO  BATH    ISLAND. 

over  the  fells  of  Niagara,  may  be  formed  from  the  fact,  that  the  lakes  and  tributaries  which  supply 
the  river  Niagara,  cover  a  surface  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  square  miles; 
and  contain,  as  nearly  as  can  be  estimated,  about  one  half  of  all  the  fresh  water  on  the  globe. 

Niagara  river  is,  in  its  whole  course,  quite  in  keeping  with  the  stupendous  cataract  from  whieh 
its  principal  interest  is  derived.  There  is  nothing  insignificant,  nothing  paltry,  nothing  common 
place  about  it,  from  the  lake  in  which  its  vast  floods  have  birth,  to  that  which  they  supply.  It  is 
every  where  grand,  mighty,  and  majestic.  When  spread  to  the  dimensions  of  a  little  sea,  it  has 
no  resemblance  to  a  shoal ;  and  when  contracted  to  the  breadth  of  a  creek,  it  seems  to  possess  the 
power  of  an  ocean.  The  very  interruptions  it  meets  with  in  its  way,  seem  placed  there  only  to 
exhibit  the  immensity  of  its  force.  The  basin  which  receives  its  prodigious  far-falling  volume, 
resembles  an  abyss  without  bounds  to  its  capacity ;  and  the  compressed  channel  through  which  it 
then  flows,  seems  to  have  opened  its  rock-bound  banks  to  an  imprisoned  sea,  that  would  have  burst 
a  passage,  had  escape  been  denied. 

Making  a  sharp  angle  at  the  Falls,  it  rolls  on  ,  _.-,.,   - 

through  beautiful  curves,  in  an  almost  straight  di-    \3Si  fe';       ' 

rection  for  about  two  miles;  then  winds  gracefully 
off  to  the  left,  and  passing  through  a  succession  of 
noble  bends,  rushes,  wild,  impetuous  und  uncon- 
trollable,  into  the  Whirlpool,  where,  like  a  baffled 
Titan  struggling  with  his  bonds,  it  rages  and  plunges 
round  the  impenetrable  barriers  that  hem  it  in ;  and 
at  last,  having  gathered  anew  its  mighty  energies, 
rushes  headlong  on  in  a  fresh  direction,  and  bounds 
away,  free,  fearless,  and  triumphant 

Continuing  in  its  new  course — having  turned  less 
than  a  right-angle  —  but  a  short  distance,  it  rolls 
away  gradually  to  the  west,  and  having  gained  its     OUTLET  OF  THE  WHIRLPOOL-CANADA  SIDE. 
former  direction,  hurries  on,  inclining  now  to  the 

right,  and  again  bending  to  the  left — here  maddened  by  restraint,  and  there  soothed  by  expansion, 
to  the  end  of  the  mountain-plain,  from  the  gasping  jaws  of  which  it  rushes  angrily  forth,  but  soon 
recovering  the  serenity  of  its  native  seas,  and  no  longer  chafed  or  enraged,  it  flows  quietly  and 
smoothly  on,  through  gentle  curves  and  wooing  banks,  to  the  sweet  lake  whose  soft  embrace  it  has 


NIAGARA  RIVER  AND  FALLS. 


Entoww  ta  tho  Cave  of  tie  Win-da. 


Table  Rock  from  below,  as  it  appeared  before  it*  fall. 


corae  so  far,  and  encountered  so  much,  to  meet,  and  in  whose  peaceful  bosom  it  finally  sinks  to 
repose. 

The  Cataract  is  made  up  of  three  distinct  falls.  The  Great  Horse-Shoe  Fall  is  between  Iris 
Island  and  the  Canada  shore.  The  Central  Fall  is  between  Iris  Island  and  Luna  Island.  The 
American  Fall  is  between  Luna  Island  and  the  American  shore. 

The  Cave  of  the  Winds  is  back  of,  or  behind  the  Central  Fall.  Reascend  the  sloping  bank  to 
the  Central  Fall,  and  the  Cave  of  the  Winds  is  before  you.  At  the  entrance,  you  pause  to  look 
up  at  the  projecting  cliff,  and  the  sparkling  torrent  that  shoots  off  far  above,  falling  far  over,  and 
far  below  you  ;  and  down  at  the  piles  of  rock  heaped  up  around,  and  the  foam  and  the  spray 
springing  to  light  and  loveliness  from  the  rock-wave  concussion.  The  mightiest  throes  give 
birth  to  the  most  beautiful  things  ;  and  thus  the  rainbow  was  born  of  the  deluge. 

You  are  on  the  steps  descending  into  the  cavern.  The  majesty,  the  sublimity  of  the  scene 
cannot  escape  your  notice,  and  you  will  feel  what  I  find  it  impossible  to  express.  A  wall  of 
rock  rises  frowning  on  one  side  ;  the  falling  sheet  arches  the  other.  You  see  it  leap  from 
the  cliff  far  above,  and  lash  the  rocks  far  below.  You  seem  between  two  eternities,  with  a 
great  mystery  before  you,  whose  secrets  are  about  to  be  revealed.  What  a  moment  is  this  ! 
From  the  vast  cavern  into  which  you  are  passing,  comes  the  sound  of  a  thousand  storms. 
You  hear  the  mad  winds  raging  around  the  walls  of  their  imprisonment,  and  mingling  their 
fearful  roar  with  the  reverberating  thunders  of  the  cataract  !  The  spray  falls  thick  around 
you,  and,  almost  overpowered  with  intense  emotion,  you  hasten  on,  descend  the  steps,  reach 
the  bottom,  instinctively  retire  from  the  rushing  waters,  and,  having  gained  the  centre  and  back 
of  the  cave,  pause  to  look  around.  You  seem  all  eyes,  all  ears,  all  soul  !  You  are  in  the 
sablime  sanctuary  of  Nature — Her  wonderful  and  fearful  mysteries  are  above,  beneath,  and 
around  you.  God  is  Infinite,  you  are  nothing  !  This  is  His  temple,  you  are  His  wocshiper! 
It  is  impossible  in  such  a  place  to  be  irreverent  The  proudest,  here  is  meek  ;  the  haughtiest, 


70 


NIAGARA  RIVER  AND  FALLS. 


NIAGARA    RIVER     SUSPENSION    BRIDGE. 

humble  ;  and  the  loftiest,  lowly.  The  sights  and  sounds  that  crowd  upon  your  gaze,  and  fill 
your  ears,  will  be  remembered  to  the  latest  day  of  your  life  ;  nor  will  the  emotions  that 
swell  your  bosom  and  thrill  your  very  soul,  be  ever  forgotten. 

THE  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,  two  and  a  half  miles  below  the  Falls,  spans  the  immense  chasm 
of  Niagara  River,  and  serves  as  a  connecting  link  between  two  great  nations. 

This  stupenduous  work  was  commenced  in  February,  1848,  under  the  superintendence  of 
CHARLES  ELLET,  jr.,  of  Philadelphia,  and  finished  during  that  year. 

The  length  of  this  wonderful  fabric,  from  tower  to  tower,  is  eight  hundred  feet.  It  is 
twelve  feet  wide,  two  hundred  and  thirty  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river,  and  capable 
of  sustaining  a  weight  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  tons.  It  certainly  is  a  triumph  of  art.  There, 
over  the  raging  element,  it  hangs,  gorgeous  and  sublime,  as  a  fit  associate  and  companion  of 
the  mighty  stream  it  crosses. 

The  immense  wire  cables,  eight  in  number,  that  look  like  an  inverted  rainbow  of  faded 
colors ;  the  strong  towers  over  which  they  are  suspended ;  the  solid  fastenings  in  the  rocks  at 
each  end;  the  thick  heavy  planking  that  trembles  at  the  lightest  breeze,  and  undulates  'neath 
our  footsteps, — combined  with  the  sullen  roar  of  the  savage  stream  beneath  us,  and  the 
giddy,  painful  height  to  which  we  are  suspended,  inspire  us  with  the  highest  emotions  of 
uwe  and  sublimity. 

There  is  another  bridge  of  much  greater  length,  though  of  less  elevation,  now  ,in  process 
of  building,  six  miles  and  a  half  below  this,  at  Lewiston,  designed  to  connect  this  village 
with  Queenston,  on  the  Canada  side.  Its  length  between  towers  is  some  fourteen  hundred 
feet,  and  will  form,  when  completed,  another  great  highway  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States. 


From  Buike's  Guide  to  Niagara  Falls. 


MINNESOTA. 


VIEW   OF    THE    FALLS    OF    ST.    ANTHONY. 


THIS  TERRITORY  is  bounded  on  the  North  by  Canada  West,  on  the  East  by  Lake  Su 
perior  and  Wisconsin,  on  the  South  by  Iowa,  and  on  the  West  by  the  Rivers  Missouri  and 
White  Earth,  having  an  area  of  160,000  square  miles.  It  comprises  all  that  portion  of  country 
situated  at  the  head  waters  of  Mississippi,  Lake  Superior,  and  many  of  the  northern  branches  of 
the  Missouri  River.  The  face  of  the  country  is  no  where  broken  by  mountain  chains,  although 
many  portions  are  highly  elevated,  consisting  of  immense  plateau  or  table-land,  which  sends  out, 
from  inexhaustible  reservoirs,  some  of  the  largest  streams  on  the  face  of  the  globe.  But  the 
greater  part  of  this  country,  consists  of  rolling  prairie,  oak  openings,  with  forests  of  pine, 
tamarack,  beech,  and  the  sugar-maple.  In  these  immense  uncultivated  districts,  are  found  all 
kinds  of  wild  game  :  there  is  the  bear,  the  fox,  the  large  grey  wolf,  the  deer,  and  the  antelope. 
Also,  the  wild  goose,  the  duck,  and  prairie  hen.  Pigeons  hi  vast  swarms  likewise  abound  in 
these  forests. 

No  country  in  the  world  has  a  greater  number  of  rivers,  lakes,  and  springs,  than  Minnesota 
Besides  the  Mississippi  and  its  innumerable  branches,  here  the  swolen  -flood  of  the  Missouri 
finds  a  supply.  Here  the  mighty  St.  Lawrence,  with  its  wide-spread  lakes,  has  its  origin.  And 
from  these  regions,  Winnipeg,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  Rainy  Lake  draw  then-  waters.  These 
\vaters  are  well  stocked  with  fish,  that  furnish  the  wild  Indian  and  adventurous  pioneer  with 
food. 

The  lands  are  all  well  adapted  to  agriculture  ;  barley,  oats,  wheat,  and  potatoes,  are  pro 
duced,  in  abundance.  The  strawberry,  raspberry,  blackberry,  and  blueberry  grow  spontane 
ously,  of  a  large  size  and  an  excellent  quality. 

Travelers,  visiting  this  Territory,  all  speak  in  the  most  enthusiastic  terms,  of  its  picturesque 
scenery,  of  its  lovely  lakes,  sparkling  and  cool  springs,  its  falls  and  cascades,  its  healthy  and 
bracing  climate,  and  of  the  strange  superstitions  of  the  untutored  Red  Man  that  still  roams 
over  its  wildernesses. 

THE  FALLS  OF  ST.  ANTHONY,  rank  as  first  among  the  curiosities  of  this  Territory.     The  Mis- 


72  MINNESOTA. 


assippi  River  at  the  falls,  is  627  yards  wide,  and  is  divided  into  two  unequal  channels  by 
Cataract  Island,  which  extends  several  rods  above  and  below  the  Falls,  having  a  width  of 
about  one  hundred  yards. 

The  view  on  page  71  represents  the  Eastern  channel,  as  it  appeared  in  a  state  of  nature. 
A  dam  has  recently  been  thrown  across  to  Cataract  Island,  so  that  the  beauty  of  the  fall  is 
destroyed. 

The  fall  of  the  Western  channel  has  met  with  a  still  worse  fate.  The  whole  limestone  rock, 
over  which  the  waters  poured  in  one  unbroken  sheet,  and  behind  which  travelers  walked  in 
safety,  has  lately  broken  away,  so  that  the  waters  now  run  down  an  inclined  plane,  instead 
of  driving  over  a  precipice. 

The  fall  of  water,  in  either  channel,  is'  not  more  than  20  or  25  feet,  and  is  sublime, 
only  when  taken  in  connection  with  the  rough,  savage  scenery  around. 

ST.  PAUL,  the  capital,  and  largest  town  in  the  Territory,  is  situated  on  the  North  or  left  bank 
of  the  Mississippi,  8  miles  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  327  miles  by  water  from  Galena  in 
Illinois.  It  has  a  population  of  over  1200  inhabitants,  and  is  doubtless  destined  to  be  a  large 
and  important  city. 

ST.  ANTHONY,  at  the  Falls,  is  situated  on  the  East  side  of  the  river,  and  is  fast  advancing 
in  population  and  importance.  It  has  an  excellent  water  power,  healthy  location,  and  will,  doubt 
less,  be  a  place  of  fashionable  resort, 

MENDOTA,  three  miles  above  St  Paul,  on  the  opposite  side,  is  a  small  though  important 
village,  from  its  being  at  the  mouth  of  the  St  Peters  River. 

FORT  SNELLING,  directly  across  the  St  Peters,  from  Mendota,  is  situated  on  a  high  bluff. 
The  Military  Reservation  here,  embraces  about  100  square  miles. 

KAPOSIA,  an  Indian  village  on  the  West  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  five  miles  below  St 
Paul,  has  a  population  of  300  souls. 

STILLWATER,  at  the  head  of  Lake  St  Croix,  is  18  miles  by  stage  from  St  PauL  Its  popula 
tion  is  about  1000. 

PEMBINA,  about  the  size  of  Stillwater,  is  situated  on  Red  River  in  latitude  49°.  It  is  the  most 
northern  town  in  the  Territory. 

PILOT  KNOB,  262  feet  above  low  water,  in  the  Mississippi,  is  a  commanding  eminence  two 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  St  Peters  River. 

MAIDEN'S  ROCK,  or  Lover's  Leap,  is  a  high  promontory,  on  the  East  side  of  Lake  Pcpin. 
Here  a  beautiful  Indian  maiden,  it  is  said,  being  compelled  to  marry  against  her  will,  threw 
herself  down  upon  the  rocks  beneath,  and  was  picked  up  a  lifeless  corse. 

FOUNTAIN  CAVE,  so  called  from  a  rivulet  of  pure  water  that  flows  through  it,  is  situated 
near  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  two  and  a  half  miles  above  St  Paul.  It  is  150  feet  long, 
20  wide,  and  composed  of  white  sand-stone,  resembling  sugar-loaf. 

PAINTED  ROCK,  two  miles  above  Stillwater,  on  the  St  Croix  River,  is  a  high  precipice,  on 
the  face  of  which  are,  carved  and  painted,  numerous  images,  figures,  and  hieroglyphics.  This 
place  is  held  in  much  veneration  by  the  Indians. 


CALIFORNIA. 


CALIFORNIA,  as  ceded  to  the  United    States  by  Mexico,  is  bounded  by  Oregon  on  the 
North,  the  Rocky  Mountains  on    the  East,  Mexico  on    the  South,  and   the    Pacific  Ocean  on  j 
the  West;  comprising  an  area  of  400,000  square  miles. 

THE  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA  embraces  nearly  one  half  of  this  territory,  or  about 
180,000  square  miles;  consisting  of  a  large  extent  of  land,  bordering  on  the  Pacific  for  800 
miles,  having  a  uniform  width  of  about  230  miles;  and  reaching  from  Oregon  on  the  North, 
to  Mexico  on  the  South. 

THE  GOLD  REGION  is  that  portion  which  lies  in  the  Valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  Rivers  ;  where  a  greater  quantity  and  abundance  of  the  precious  metal  has  been 
procured,  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  known  world.  The  gold  is  found  here  in  its  virgin 
state,  in  three  distinct  depolits;  1st — in  the  sand  and  gravel  beds;  2d — mixed  with  decomposed 
granite  rock;  and,  3d — mixed  with  talcose  slate. 

THE  CLIMATE  of  California  varies  very  much  in  different  parts.  In  the  Valley  of  San  Juan, 
it  is  said  to  be  that  of  a  paradise,  mild,  healthy,  and  serene.  While  in  the  Valleys  of  Sacra 
mento  and  San  Joaquin,  it  is  subject  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  The  year  is  di 
vided  into  two  seasons — the  wet  and  the  dry.  The  former  commences  in  December  and  con 
tinues  till  March;  the  latter  lasts  during  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

Whether  or  not  the  soil  and  climate  of  California  are  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes,  is  a 
question  of  much  controversy.  Wilkes  gives  it  as  his  opinion,  that  the  amount  of  arable  land  in 
this  portion  of  California,  will  not  exceed  12,000  square  miles;  though,  by  the  process  of  irriga 
tion,  he  thinks  it  would  prove  exceedingly  productive. 

As  to  the  salubrity  'of  the  Climate,  it  may  justly  be  remarked,  that  in  no  part  of  the 
world,  could  men  expose  themselves  so  much  to  the  hardships  of  toil  and  deprivation,  and 
suffer  less  from  the  effects,  than  in  California. 

The  population  at  the  present  time,  numbers  as  high  as  300,000  ;  and  it  is  made  up  of 
the  most  heterogeneous  and  motley  mass  of  human  beings,  of  any  other  country  under 
heaven.  Here,  every  language  is  spoken;  and  here,  after  a  lapse  of  thousands  of  years,  the 
noise  and  confusion  of  Babel  is  again  heard.  Here  are  men  of  every  profession  and  trade — 
of  every  rank  and  condition  in  life.  Here  are  rich  and  poor,  learned  and  unlearned;  and, 
contrary  to  every  other  country,  the  true  nobility  are  those  that  dig  the  dirt.  And  if  this 
noble  democratic  principle  will  last,  then  California  will  have  proofed  a  corner-stone  for  the 
monument  of  true  democracy,  that  will  do  more  to  commemorate  her  fame  than  the  golden 
block  taken  from  the  Sierra  Nievada,  to  adorn  the  monument  of  Columbia's  honored  Son. 

The  only  good  harbors  of  California,  remarks  Wilkes,  are  San  Diego,  San  Francisco,  and 
Bodega.  There  are  besides  several  roadsteads,  which  have  been  used  as  anchorages  during 
the  summer  season,  viz. :  the  Bays  of  Monterey,  San  Pedro,  and  Santa  Barbara.  San  Diego 
is  the  most  Southern  port  in  the  State,  and  is  believed,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  to  be  the 
best  on  the  Pacific  coast,  with  the  exception  of  Accapulco,  hi  Mexico. 

Bodega  lies  to  the  North  of  San  Francisco  ninety  miles,  and  is  of  less  importance  than 
either  of  the  others. 

From  California  Sacramento  's  rolled, 

Southward  and  west,  through  regions  rich  with  gold. 

To  Sacramento  drives  San  Jo-a-quin, 

Its  course  north  westward  on  the  map  is  seen. 

' (73) 


74 


CALIFORNIA. 


VALLEYS 

OF   THE 

SACRAMENTO 

AND 

SAN   JOAQUI1Y, 


POETICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


HICHTMAN    B  UFFAL  O  H  f 


SAH  FRANCISCO,  the  largest  and  by 
far  the  most  important  town  in  the 
State,  is  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name.  In  a  commercial  point  of  view, 
this  city  bids  Fair  of  becoming  the  em 
porium  of  the  trade,  the  commerce,  and 
the  wealth,  of  the  vast  Pacific.  With  a 
railroad  connecting  it  with  the  Atlantic, 
it  would  doubtless  take  rank  among  the 
first  cities  of  the  globe. 

SACRAMENTO  CITY,  the  second  town 
in  size  and  importance,  is  situated  on 
the  Sacramento  River ;  by  an  inunda 
tion  of  which,  it  was  once  nearly  de 
stroyed.  A  levee  has  recently  been 
thrown  up,  for  the  'purpose  of  protect 
ing  it  from  further  encroachments. 

SUTTER,  named  in  honor  of  Capt. 
Sutler,  and  situated  at  the  head  of  na 
vigation  on  the  Sacramento,  is  noted  as 
the  point  from  which  the  roads  issue 
leading  to  the  Northern  mines. 

VKRNON,  at  the  junction  of  the  Sacra 
mento  and  Feather  Rivers,  is  a  town  of 
some  importance  from  the  country 
around  it 

STOCKTON,  the  commercial  depot  for 
the  Southern  mines,  is  situated  on  the 
waters  of  the  San  Joaquin. 

ALVERO,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco,  is  situated  in  one  of  the 
most  fertile  districts  of  California. 

Among  other  towns  of  note,  may 
be  mentioned  SAN  JOSE,  the  present 
Capital  of  the  State,  and  situated  near 
the  Southern  extremity  of  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco. 


UTAH,  or  the  district  of  the  GREAT  SALT  LAKB,  called  also  DKSERKT,  is  situated  West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the  direct 
line  of  the  jrreat  Overland  Route  to  California.  It  is  near  the  shores  of  this  lake,  that  the  Mormons  have  established  themselves. 
From  this  place  to  the  Gold  Resions,  the  journey  requires  forty-live  days,  with  wagons. 

Salt  Lake,  the  waters  of  which  are  very  salt  and  bitter,  is  about  seventy  miles  long,  and  from  forty  to  sixty  wide;  being  elevated 
some  5,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Some  of  the  lands  around  this  lake  "are  extremely  fertile,  while  others  are  barren. 
Bear  River,  emptying  in  from  the  North,  i*  exceedingly  cold  and  transparent. 

Utah  Lake,  the  waters  of  which  are  fresh,  empties  into  Salt  Lake,  by  the  channel  of  the  Utah  River. 

The  entire  ba/=in  of  the  Great  Sail  Lake,  or,  more  properly,  the  Territory  of  Utah,  comprises  an  extent  of  land  measuring 
160,000  square  miles  ;  some  portions  of  which  are  fertile  and  productive,  but  the  greater  part  is  composed  of  dry,  arid,  plains, 
the  rivers  of  which  have  no  outlet,  and  either  evaporate  in  their  course,  or  empty  into  dead  salt  laked,  or,  more  properly,  pools 
of  stagnant  water  covered  oveY  with  a  yellow  skum,  or  saline  incrustation. 

The^country  situated  East  of  the  Colorado,  North  of  the  Gili,  and  West  of  the  Anahuac  Mountains,  comprises  a  vast  ex 
tent  of  120,0w)  square  miles.  It  is  very  imperfectly  Imown,  but  is  represented  by  travelers  that  have  passed  through  it,  as  con 
sisting  mostly  of  high  table-lands,  dry,  barren,  aud  unproductive— many  of  the  streams  of  which,  including  the  Colorado,  are 
salt  and  bitter. 


THE 


11ULESOF   ARITHMETIC, 


IN   VERSE, 


Addition. 

Addition,  is  joining  more  numbers  than  one, 
And  putting  together  to  make  a  whole  sum, 
Addition's  the  rule  that  learns  us  to  count, 
And  the  sum  that 's  produced  is  called  the  amount. 


RULE. 

The  numbers  write  down,  as  the  rule  comprehends, 
Placing  units  under  units,  and  tens  under  tens  ; 
Draw  a  line  underneath,  and  commence  at  the  right, 
Or  the  unit  column,  the  work  to  unite  ; 
If  its  sum  or  amount  should  not  exceed  9, 
Then  place  it  direct  'neath  its  own  native  line  : 
But  if  9  it  exceeds,  then  the  unit  you  place 
'Neath  the  column  of  units,  (the  units  to  grace)  ; 
While  the  tens  or  the  figure  that's  to  the  left  hand, 
To  the  next  column  join,  as  you  well  understand. 

Observe  the  same  rule,  till  you  come  to  the  last, 
And  the  whole  amount  write  as  this  column  you  cast. 

Subtraction. 

Subtraction,  it  teaches,  when  numbers  are  given, 
One  greater,  one  less,  as  10  stands  to  7, 
To  find  out  their  difference,  for  difference  we  see, 
And  when  worked  and  achieved,  we  find  to  be  3. 

RULE. 

% 

The  numbers  first  write,  the  less  under  the  greater, 
Placing  units  and  tens,  in  lines  of  their  nature, — 
The  subtrahend,  then,  from  the  minuend  take, 
And  that  which  remains,  an  answer  will  make. — 
But  if  in  the  less  number,  a  figure  we  find, 
Which  exceeds  that  above  it,  let  10  then  be  joined 
To  the  figure  above,  and  from  the  amount, 
Take  the  figure  below,  (nor  mistake  in  the  count), 
But  forget  not  to  add,  to  the  next  figure,  then 
In  the  subtrahend,  one  to  make  up  for  this  ten. 


Addition. 

ADDITION  is  joining  together  two  or  more 
numbers,  to  make  one  whole  sum  or  amount. 

Addition  is  the  rule  by  which  we  count,  or  put 
numbers  together. 

The  whole  sum,  or  answer,  is  called  the  amount. 


Write  down  the  numbers,  one  under  the  other, 
placing  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  and  draw 
a  line  underneath. 

Begin  at  the  right  hand,  or  unit  column,  to  add 
or  unite  the  numbers  together ;  add  together  all  the 
figures  contained  in  that  column. 

If  the  sum  or  amount  should  not  exceed  9,  then 
place  it  under  the  column ;  but  if  it  does  exceed  9, 
put  the  right  hand  figure  under  the  column,  and 
carry  the  left  hand  figure,  and  add  it  on  to  the  next 
column. 

Observe  the  same  rule,  putting  down  under  the 
column  added,  the  right  hand  figure,  if  it  exceeds  9 ; 
and  carrying  the  left  hand  figure  to  the  next  column. 

At  the  last  column,  write  down  the  whole  amount, 
and  the  work  is  complete. 

Subtraction. 

SUBTRACTION  is  taking  a  less  number  from 
a  greater  to  find  out  the  difference,  as  7  from  10 ;  the 
difference,  or  remainder,  is  3. 

The  greater  number,  or  the  number  to  be  lessened, 
is  called  the  minuend.  The  less  number,  or  the 
one  to  be  taken  from  the  greater,  is  called  the  subtra 
hend.  The  difference,  or  that  which  is  left  after  the 
operation  of  the  work,  is  called  the  remainder. 

RULE. 

Write  down  the  numbers,  the  less  under  the 
greater,  placing  units  under  units,  teas  under  tens,  and 
draw  a  line  underneath. 

Subtract  fhe  less  from  the  greater:  commence  at  the 
right  hand  figure  in  the  lower  line,  and  take  it  from 
the  one  above  it  in  the  upper  line ;  write  the  difference 
below  the  line.  So  proceed  till  the  whole  is  subtracted. 

If  the  figure  above  should  be  less  than  the  one 
below,  then  add  ten  to  the  one  above,  and  from  the 
amount,  take  the  figure  below.  But  in  this  case 
you  must  add  one  to  the  next  left  hand  figure,  in  the 
lower  column.  This  is  called  borrowing  ten. 


76 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


Multiplication. 

Now,  Multiplication,  its  nature  I  '11  show, 
It 's  a  short  way  of  working  Addition,  you  know, 
When  the  same  number  comes,  in  prose  or  in  rhymes, 
To  be  used  or  repeated,  a  number  of  times — 
Let  the  less  number  under  the  greater  one  stand, 
Call  one  the  multiplier,  one  the  multiplicand, — 
Name  the  answer  the  product, — and  then  just  annex 
For  the  sign  of  the  rule,  the  letter — X 

RULE. 

First,  the  number  altove,  must  be  multiplied  o'er 
In  succession,  by  each  figure  found  in  the  lower, 
While  the  same  as  Addition,  the  rule  you  have  seen, 
Remember  to  carry  one  for  every  ten  ; 
While  the  right  hand  figure  of  each  product  must  lie 
Direct  'neath  the  figure  you  multiply  by ; 
Then  the  same  as  Addition  their  products  unite, 
And  the  amount  of  them  all  is  the  answer  quite. 

Or  when  the  multiplier  is  100  or  10, 
Or  1,  with  any  number  of  ciphers,  I  mean, 
Of  ciphers,  annex  to  the  multiplicand, 
As  many,  as  in  the  multiplier  stand. 

Or  when  ciphers  are  in  the  multiplier  fotmd, 
Or  between  ike  significant  figures  abound, 
By  figures  significant  only,  perform, 
While  the  right  of  each  product  directly  is  borne 
'Neath  the  figure  you  multiply  by.  (Now  retain 
This  rule  forever  secure  in  your  brain). 


Division. 

Next  simple  Division,  the  fourth  Rule  is  seen, 
It 's  a  short  way  of  working  Subtraction,  (I  ween), 
It  shows  us  Subtraction,  its  smallest  remains, 
And  how  often  one  number  another  contains. 

The  Divisor  is  that,  which  divides,  as  you  see, 
The  Dividend's  that,  which  divided  must  be. 
The  answer  is  called  the  Quotient,  and  shows 
How  oft  the  divisor  in  the  dividend  goes. 

RULE. 

Write  the  dividend  down,  and  to  the  left  hand, 
With  a  curve  line  between,  the  divisor  must  stand, — 

Then  of  figures,  as  many  divide,  (and  consign) 
As  will  hold  the  divisor,  times  not  over  nine,  (9) 
With  the  number  arising,  the  quotient  supply, 
Which  by  the  divisor  you  then  multiply, — 

The  product  then  take  from  the  dividend  o'er  it, 
And  beside  what  remains,  the  next  figure  lower  it ; 
Which  again  you  divide,  if  't  will  hold  the  divisor, 
If  not,  in  the  quotient  a  cipher  we  tie  sir, 


Multiplication. 

MULTIPLICATION  is  a  short  way  of  perform 
ing  Addition,  when  the  same  number  is  to  be 
repeated  a  number  of  times. 

The  number  we  multiply  by,  is  called  the 
multiplier. 

The  number  to  be  multiplied,  is  called  the 
multiplicand. 

The  answer  is  called  the  product. 

The  sign  of  Multiplication  is  the  letter  X. 


When  the  multiplier  exceeds  12. 

Write  down  the  multiplicand,  under  which,  write 
the  multiplier,  placing  units  under  units,  tens  under 
tens,  and  draw  a  line  underneath. 

Multiply  the  multiplicand  by  each  figure  of  the 
multiplier,  commencing  at  the  right  hand ;  and 
remember  to  set  the  first  product  of  each  figure 
directly  under  the  figure  in  the  multiplier  by  which 
you  multiply. 

Add  these  several  products  together,  and  the 
amount  is  the  product  required. 

To  multiply  by  10,  100,  1000,  <$•<:. 

Add  to  the  multiplicand  as  many  ciphers  as  thors 
are  ciphers  in  the  multiplier;  and  the  multiplying  is 
performed. 

When  ciphers  occur  between  the  significant  figures 
of  the  multiplier,  we  omit  them,  multiplying  by  the 
significant  figures  only,  minding  to  write  the  first 
product  of  each  figure,  directly  under  the  figure  by 
which  we  multiply. 

To  prove  multiplication,  divide  the  product  by  the 
multiplier,  and  if  the  quotient  is  the  same  as  the 
multiplicand,  the  work  is  right 

Division. 

DIVISION  is  a  short  way  of  performing  many 
Subtractions;  or, 

It  shows  how  often  one  number  is  contained  in 
another. 

The  Dividend  is  the  number  to  be  divided. 

The  Divisor  is  the  number  that  divide."  the 
dividend. 

The  answer  is  called  the  Quotient,  and  shows  how 
often  the  Divisor  goes  into  the  Dividend. 


When  the  Divisor  is  more  than  12. 

Place  the  Divisor  at  the  left  of  the  Dividend,  sepa 
rated  by  a  line. 

Then  assume  as  many  figures  of  the  dividend  as 
will  hold  the  divisor  something  less  than  10  times. 

Sec  how  often  the  divisor  is  contained  in  the 
assumed  portion  of  the  dividend,  and  place  the  result 
at  the  right  of  the  dividend,  separated  by  another  line. 

Multiply  the  divisor  by  this  figure,  and  place  the 
product  under  the  part  assumed  or  divided,  and  sub 
tract  it  therefrom,  and  to  the  remainder  bring  down 
the  next  figure  for  a  new  dividend. 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC. 


77 


And  to  our  remainder,  a  figure  once  more, 
From  the  dividend  bring,  and  proceed  as  before. 

WHEN    THE    DIVISOR    IS    LESS    THAN    12. 

But  when  the  divisor  does  not  exceed  twelve, 
By  sl/ort  division  the  problem  we  solve, 
'Neath  the  dividend  then  the  quotient  you  bind, 
While  the  process  is  mostly  performed  in  the  mind. 

Reduction. 

Reduction  is  changing  a  kind  and  its  name, 
To  another,  and  keeping  its  value  the  same, 
[t  consists  of  two  kinds,  Ascending  is  one, 
Descending  the  other,  by  which  we  come  down  ; 
[n  Reduction  ascending,  division  we  try ; 
[n  Reduction  Descending,  we  then  multiply. 

Reduction   Ascending. 

Divide  the  lowest  kind  that  stands  in  your  sum, 
By  that  number  it  takes  of  the  sum  to  make  one 
Of  the  next  higher  order,  and  keep  the  same  round 
"Till  the  problem  is  solved,  and  the  answer  is  found. 

Decimal   Fractions. 

In  decimal  Fractions,  your  work  is  the  same, 
As  when  in  whole  numbers,  the  problems  you  frame. 

Addition   and  Subtraction  of  Decimals. 

RULE. 

In  Addition  of  Decimals,  Subtraction  too, 
The  same  as  whole  numbers,  the  work  you  must  do ; 
Write  tenths  under  tenths,  and  hundredths,  likewise, 
You  place  under  hundredths,  the  rule  to  comprise. 
Let  the  decimal  point,  if  the  work  you  approve, 
Fall  precisely  'neath  those  in  the  numbers  above, 

Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

TO   POINT   OFF   IN   MULTIPLICATION   OF    DECIMALS. 

If  in  Multiplication  of  Decimals,  then 
Point  off  from  your  product,  with  pencil  or  pen, 
For  lecimal  places,  as  many  as  stand 
In  both  multiplier  and  multiplicand. 
If  the  product  in  figures  deficient  is  found, 
To  the  left  of  the  product  let  ciphers  be  bound. 

Division   of  Decimals. 

TO   POINT    OFF    IN    DIVISION   OF    DECIMALS. 

In  Division  of  Decimals,  then  you  may  count 
From  the  right  of  the  quotient  the  whole  amount 


Divide  this  the  same  as  before,  and  to  the  remain 
der  continue  to  bring  down  figures  from  the  dividend 
till  the  whole  is  divided. 

To  prove  Division,  multiply  the  divisor  and  quo 
tient  together,  and  if  the  product  is  the  same  as  the 
dividend,  the  work  is  right. 

Example.- — 2840-MO=71,  the  Quotient.  To 
prove  this,  multiply  71  by  40, thus:  71X40=2840, 
the  same  as  the  dividend. 


Reduction. 

REDUCTION  is  changing  one  kind  or  denom 
ination  to  that  of  another,  without  altering  its  value. 

It  is  of  two  kinds :  Reduction  Ascending  and  De 
scending:  the  former  is  performed  by  division,  and 
the  latter  by  multiplication. 

RULE    FOB   REDUCTION    ASCKJf  DINO. 

Divide  the  lowest  denomination  given,  by  as  many 
as  it  takes  of  the  same  to  make  one  of  the  next 
highest  order 

Divide  the  quotient  in  the  same  manner,  by  the 
number  it  takes  of  its  own  denomination  to  make  one 
of  the  next  higher  denomination ;  so  continue  to  do 
till  it  is  reduced  to  the  denomination  required. 


Decimal  Fractions. 

DECIMALS  are  performed  the  same  as  whole 
numbers.  The  only  difficulty  is  to  know  where  to 
put  the  separation  or  decimal  point,  between  decimals 
and  whole  numbers. 

Addition  and  Subtraction  of  Decimals. 

Write  down  the  numbers,  one  under  the 
other,  placing  those  of  the  same  value  under  each 
other;  or,  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  &c. 
Likewise,  tenths  under  tenths,  hundredths  under 
hundredths,  and  then  add  or  subtract  as  in  addition 
or  subtraction  of  simple  or  whole  numbers. 

Let  the  decimal  point  in  the  sum,  or  remainder, 
f.ill  directly  under  those  in  the  sum. 

Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

To  point  off  in  Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

Multiply  the  same  as  in  whole  numbers,  and  point 
off  in  the  product,  for  decimal  places,  as  many 
figures  as  there  are  decimal  places  hi  both  multiplier 
and  multiplicand,  counted  together. 

To  multiply  a  whole  number  by  a  decimal,  the 
product  is  less  than  the  multiplicand;  for  example, 
,6  multiplied  by  ,5  the  product  is  ,25. 

Division  of  Decimals. 

To  point  off"  in  Division  of  Decimals  ,• 
Divide  the  same  as  in  whole  numbers,  and  point 
off  from  the  right  of  the  quotient,  for  decimals,  as 
many  places  as  the  decimal  places  in   the  dividend 


78 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC. 


That  the  dividend  numbers  o'er  the  divisor 
In  decimal  figures — and  if  the  supply  (sir) 
In  the  quotient,  of  figures,  deficient  you  find, 
To  the  left  of  the  quotient  let  ciphers  be  joined. 

Interest. 

Interest  is  a  certain  per  cent,  that's  allowed, 
For  the  use  of  money  on  the  lender  bestowed. 
The  principal 's  that,  which  is  loaned  or  lent, 
The  rate,  on  each  dollar,  is  called  the  per  cent. — 

It  is  Simple  and  Compound — The  rule  for  the^rs^ 
When  desired  for  one  year,  may  thus  be  rehearsed: 

RULE. 

First,  the  principal  multiply  by  the  rate  per  cent. 
And  divide  by  100  the  product,  (attent) 
If  for  more  years  than  one,  tlte  product  it  bears 
Must  be  multiplied  by  the  number  of  years. 

If  the  interest  for  months,  in  your  sum  is  implied, 
By  1 2,  'the  interest  of  one  year,  divide, 
And  the  quotient  by  the  number  of  months  multiplied, 
The  interest  in  full,  for  the  months  will  decide. 

If  the  use  of  your  money  for  days  you  would  see, 
The  amount  for  one  month  by  30  must  be 
Divided,  and  then  the  quotient  you  raise 
Be  multiplied  o'er  by  the  number  of  days  ; 
Add  the  days  and  the  months  and  the  years  all  in  one, 
And  the  answer  desired  will  be  the  whole  stun. 

Compound   Interest. 

Now  interest  Compound,  to  you  I  will  show, 
"Tis  interest  on  interest  and  principal  too, 
Which  aro  added  together  as  interest  is  due. 

RULE. 

First  find  the  amount  for  one  year,  the  srnne 
As  in  simple  interest,  the  rule  that  you've  seen, 
Then  this  is  the  principal  for  the  next  year, 
Which  again  you  compute  with  patience  and  care. 
And  again  to  the  product  the  interest  unite, 
Which  becomes  for  the  third  year,  a  principal  quite. 

So  continue,  and  from  the  amount  of  the  last, 
Subtract  the  sum  loaned,  and  the  interest  is  cast. 


Rule    of  Three. 

RULE. 

Of  the  three  given  numbers,  a  third  term  you  make 
That '?  of  the  same  kind  with  the  amwer  you  seek  ; 

And  then  just  consider  the  question  in  hand, 
Whether  greater  or  less,  the  answer  will  stand 


exceed  those  of  the  divisor ;  and  if  there  be  a  defi 
ciency  of  figure^  in  the  quotient,  supply  such  defi 
ciency  by  annexing  figures  to  the  left  of  the  quotient. 
To  divide  a  whole  number  by  a  decimal,  the 
quotient  is  greater  than  the  dividend  :  for  example. 
250,  divided  by  ,5,  the  quotient  is  500. 

Interest. 

INTEREST  is  a  per  cent,  paid  by  the  bor 
rower  to  the  lender,  for  the  use  ot  money. 

The  sum  of  money  loaned  or  lent,  is  called  the 
I  principal. 

The  per  cent,  is  tho  annual  amount  paid,  as  so 
many  dollars  for  the  use  of  a  hundred. 

RIFLE  FOK  SIMPLE  INTEREST. 

Multiply  the  principal  by  the  rate  per  cmf.,  and 
divide  the  product  by  one  hundred,  and  the  quotient 
is  the  interest  for  one  year. 

Multiply  this  last  by  the  number  of  years,  and  the 
product  is  the  interest  for  the  years. 

To  compute  the  interest  for  months,- 

Divide  the  interest  of  one  year  by  12,  and  the  quo- 
,  tient  ia  the  interest  for  one  month  ;  multiply  this  by 
the  number  of  months,  and  the  product  is  the  interest 
for  the  months. 

To  compute  the  interest  for  days ; 

Divide  the  interest  of  one  month  by  30,  the  num 
ber  of  days  in  a  month,  and  the  quotient  is  the  interest 
for  one  day. 

Multiply  the  interest  of  one  day  by  the  number  of 
days,  and  the  product  is  the  interest  for  the  days. 

Add  the  days,  months,  and  years  together,  and  the 
amount  is  the  interest  required. 

Compound  Interest. 

COMPOUND  INTEREST,  is  interest  on  interest, 
where  the  interest  is  added  to  the  principal  at  the  end 
of  each  year,  as  it  becomes  due. 


First  find  the  amount  for  one  year,  and  this 
amount  is  the  principal  for  the  second  year. 

Then  perform,  with  this  principal,  the  same  as  with 
the  first,  finding  the  amount  for  the  second  year, 
which  amount  is  the  principal  for  the  third  year;  so 
continue  to  do,  finding  the  amount  for  each  year,  and 
from  the  last  amount,  subtract  the  sum  ii«med.  and 
the  remainder  is  the  Compound  Interest  for  the 
number  of  years  required. 


Rule  of  Three. 

Of  u.e  tbree  given  numbers,  make  that  the 
third  term  which  is  of  the  same  kind  with  the  answer 
sought. 

Then  consider,  from  the  nature  of  the  question, 
whether  the  answer  will  be  greater  or  less  than  the 
third  term. 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC. 


79 


Than  this  the  third  term, — If  greater  'tis  known 
That  qf  the  two  numbers  the  greater  comes  down 
For  the  term  that  is  second,  or  term  number  two ; 
While  the  less  number's./??-^,  as  the  pencil  will  show. 

But  if  smaller  your  answer  than  term  number  three, 
Reverse  the  two  terms,  let  the  less  second  be, 

Then  the  second  and  third  you  next  multiply, 
And  divide  by  the  first  and  the  answer  is  nigh. 

Alligation. 


Alligation  is  mingling  or  mixing  together, 
Teas,  sugars  or  spirits  (and  one  thing  or  other), 
It  divides  itself  thus,  (now  be  sure  and  learn  it), 
Alligation  Medial,  Alligation  Alternate. 

Alligation  Medial. 

Alligation  Medial  is  finding  the  mean, 
The  middle  or  average  'twixt  either  extreme 
Of  several  simples,  some  less  and  some  greater  ; 
So  read  o'er  these  lines,  and  they  '11  learn  you  its 
nature. 

RULE. 

Supposing  a  merchant  has  three  kinds  of  tea, 
At  10  shillings,  5  shillings,  and  shillings  3, 
Which  he  wishes  to  mix  and  together  confound, 
And  then  wants  to  know  what's  the  worth  of  a  pound, 

Add  your  10  and  your  5  and  your  3  as  you  mix, 
And  divided  by  3,  the  quotient  is  6. 

Six  shillings  per  pound,  price  of  the  mixture. 

Alligation   Alternate. 

Alligation  Alternate  is  the  rule  that  finds, 
What  quantity  of  any  number  of  simples  or  kinds, 
Whose  rates  are  all  given,  direct  as  we  state, 
To  compose  a  mixture  of  a  specified  rate. 

R  ULE. 


Arrange  in  °  AHumn  your  rates  for  command, 
And  plac>    ne  mean  rate  off  at  the  left  hand, 
Each  race  that  is  less  than  the  middle  or  mean, 
Join  with  one  that  is  greater,  as  is  plain  to  be  seen, 
Place  the  difference  'tween  each  rate  and  mean  kind, 
Opposite  that  with  which  it  is  joined. 

Square  Root. 

RULE. 

Divide  into  periods  of  two  figures  each, 
The  number  you  know,  as  the  pedagogues  teach,  — 

In  the  left  hand  period  find  the  greatest  square, 
Which  from  it  subtract,  and  to  what  remains  there 
Bring  the  next  period  down  for  a  Dividend  (fair)  : 

Place  the  root  of  the  square  at  the  right  hand  of  all, 
And  two  times  the  root  a  Divisor  we  call. 


If  greater,  place  the  greater  of  the  two  remaining 
numbers  for  the  second  term. 

If  less,  place  the  lesser  of  the  remaining  numbers, 
for  the  second  term. 

In  either  case,  multiply  the  second  and  third  terms 
together,  and  divide  by  the  first  term ;  and  the  quo- 
tient  will  be  the  fourth  term,  or  answer. 


Alligation. 

ALLIGATION  is  mixing  together  several  sim 
ples  of  different  qualities,  or  prices,  so  that  the  compo 
sition  may  be  of  some  intermediate  quality  or  price. 

It  is  of  two  kinds,  Alligation  Alternate,  and  Alli 
gation  Medial. 

Alligation  Medial 

ALLIGATION  MEDIAL,  is  finding  the  mean  or 
average  proportion  or  price,  of  several  numbers  or 
prices. 


Add  together  the  several  prices  or  ingredients,  and 
divide  the  amount  by  the  number  of  ingredients. 

Or  when  there  are  a  greater  number  than  one  of 
each  kind, 

Multiply  the  number  by  the  price,  set  the  products 
in  a  column,  add  the  several  products  together,  and 
divide  the  amount  by  the  amount  of  the  several 
ingredients,  and  the  quotient  is  the  mean  price  of  the 
composition. 

Alligation  Alternate. 

ALLIGATION  ALTERNATE  teaches  to  find 
what  quantity  of  any  number  of  simples,  whose 
rates  are  all  given,  will  compose  a  mixture  of  any 
specified  rate. 


Arrange  the  rates  of  the  simples  in  a  column  under 
each  other,  with  the  mean  price  at  the  left  hand. 

Connect  each  rate,  that  is  less  than  the  mean  rate, 
with  one  or  more  that  is  greater;  place  the  difference 
tetween  each  rate  and  mean  price  opposite  that  with 
which  it  is  joined,  and  it  will  be  the  quantity  required. 


Square  Root. 
RULE. 

Divide  your  number  into  periods  of  two 
figures  each,  by  putting  a  point  over  the  unit  figure, 
and  every  second  figure  from  the  place  of  units. 

Find  the  greatest  square  in  the  left  hand  period, 
and  put  the  result  in  the  root,  at  the  right  of  the 
number. 

Square  this  figure,  and  place  the  square  under 


80 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


Then  try  the  Divisor,  see  how  many  times 
The  Dividend  holds  it  (by  prose  or  by  rhymes). 
Of  its  right  hand  figure  exclusive,  you  know, 
And  write  in  the  root  the  number  't  will  go, 

Then  to  the  Divisor  the  same  figure  tie, 
And  by  the  same  figure  the  whole  multiply  ; 

The  product  then  take  from  the  Dividend  (penned), 
And  of  that  which  remains,  make  a  new  dividend  ; 
By  bringing  the  period  that'  s  next,  along  side, — 
And  for  a  Divisor  that 's  new  and  untried, 
Just  double  the  figures  that  stand  in  the  root, 
And  work  as  before,  till  the  answer  is  got. 


.  Cube  Root. 

RULE. 

Tour  number  divide,  as  I  shall  prescribe, 
In  periods  of  three  figures  each,  side  by  side, 

In  the  left  hand  period  the  greatest  cube  find, 
Put  its  root  in  the  quotient,  and  then  you  must  mind 
To  subtract  from  the  period,  the  Cube  that  is  found, 
And  by  what  remains,  the  next  period  bring  down 
For  a  dividend, — then  a  divisor  to  spy, 
By  300  your  quotient's  square  multiply ; 

Then  as  Simple  Division,  the  work  you  perform, 
But  subtract  not  the  product — let  this  be  forborne. 

Then  the  square  of  the  last  quotient  figure  espied, 
By  the  first  quotient  figure,  must  be  multiplied, 
And  the  answer  arising  by  30  be  tried  (or  multiplied}, 
And  the  product  of  these  placed  under  the  last, 
That  units  and  tens  in  their  lines  may  be  cast. 

Write  the  cube  of  the  last  quotient  sign,  under  all, 
And  the  amount  of  the  whole,  a  subtrahend  call, 
Which  you  must  subtract  from  the  dividend  o'er  it, 
And  by  what  remains  the  next  period  lower  it 
For  a  new  dividend,  with  which  you  proceed 
As  before,  till  the  root  in  the  quotient  you  read. 

Geometrical  Progression. 

The  first  term,  ratio,  and  number  of  terms  being 
given,  to  find  the  last  term. 

A  few  leading  powers  of  the  ratio  write  down, 
With  each  index  placed  o'er,  beginning  at  one, 
The  indices  whose  sum  as  the  rule  thus  informs, 
Shall  approach  within  one  of  the  number  of  terms, 
Stand  over  the  factors,  whose  product  must  be 
Multiplied  by  the  first  term,  and  the  last  term  we  see. 


the  left  hand  period.  Then  subtract  it  therefrom,  and 
to  the  remainder  bring  down  the  next  period  for  a 
dividend. 

Double  the  root,  already  found,  for  a  divisor,  or 
see  how  many  times  it  is  contained  in  the  dividend, 
exclusive  of  its  right  hand  figure,  and  place  the  result 
in  the  root,  for  the  second  figure  of  it,  and  likewise 
put  the  same  figure  at  the  right  hand  of  the  divisor. 

Multiply  the  divisor  with  the  last  figure  annexed, 
by  the  last  placed  in  the  root,  and  subtract  the  product 
from  the  dividend,  and  to  the  remainder  bring  down 
the  next  period  for  a  new  dividend. 

Double  the  figures  already  found  in  the  root,  for  a 
new  divisor,  and  from  these  find  the  next  figure  in 
the  root,  as  last  directed,  and  so  proceed  till  the  whole 
is  finished. 

Cube  Root 


Separate  the  given  numbers  into  periods  of 
three  figures  each,  by  putting  a  point  over  the  unit 
figure,  and  every  3d  figure  beyond  the  place  of  units. 

Find  the  greatest  cube  in  the  left  hand  period,  and 
set  the  root  in  the  quotient. 

Subtract  the  cube,  thus  found,  from  the  said  period, 
and  to  the  remainder  bring  the  next  period  down  for 
a  dividend. 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  quotient  by  300,  calling 
it  the  divisor. 

Seek  how  many  times  the  divisor  may  be  had  in 
the  dividend,  and  place  the  result  in  the  root;  then 
multiply  the  divisor  by  this  quotient  figure,  and  write 
the  product  under  the  dividend. 

Multiply  the  square  of  this  quotient  figure  by  the 
former  figure  or  figures  of  the  root,  and  this  product 
by  30,  and  place  the  product  under  the  last ;  under 
all,  write  the  cube  of  this  quotient  figure,  and  sub 
tract  the  amount  from  the  dividend,  and  to  the 
remainder  bring  down  the  next  period  for  a  new 
dividend,  with  which  proceed  as  before,  until  the  work 
is  finished. 


Geometrical  Progression. 

t 
BtriB. 

First  put  down  a  few  leading  powers  of  the 
ratio,  with  the  indices  placed  over  them,  beginning 
at  one.  Add  the  most  convenient  indices  together, 
to  make  an  index  one  less  than  the  number  of  the 
term  sought. 

Multiply  together  the  powers  belonging  to  these 
indices,  and  their  product,  multiplied  by  the  first 
term,  will  be  the  answer. 


T  H  X      END. 


AUEIUT 


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RECOMMENDATIONS. 


Tlt£  Poetical  Geography. — This  is  a  very  merito 
rious  and  interesting  work  ;  and  in  regard  to  its 
originality  is  equalled  By  fe\v,  and  surpassed  by 
none  of  the  works  of  the  day.  *  *  If  it  does  not 
succeed  and  become  a  popular  one,  it  certainly  is 
not  the  Autlior's  fault—  N.  ¥.  True  Swn. 

It  is  v.  Mut-n  l>v  "•  .•;cis,  who  h:^  la- 

ili  rown  the  -whole  sci 
ence  of  Geography  into  rhvme.     *    *    •          The 
,inr>  smoothly,  ami  give  evidence  of  ease  and 
skill  in  Ttrsidcation.     It  will  prove  as  effectual  in 
'".g  the  principal  facts  of  Geography  upon  the 
memory,   as  the  common  verse  of  "  Thirty  days 
hath  Scptrniber,  Ac.,"  is  in  fixing  the  days  of  the 
month. — A'.   V.  Erming  Post. 

This  is  a  book  for  every  body,  admirably  calcu 
lated  and  fitted  for  the  wants  of  the  million.  It  is 
founded  upon  a  known  law  of  the  mind  ;  and  dis 
covers  no  mean  effort  on  the  part  of  its  author  to 
bring  into  easy  reading  verse  the  almost  unpro 
nounceable  names  of  Woodlmdge's  Classified 
School  Atlas. —  Wis.  Wauliesha  Freeman. 

This  is  an  original  composition — a  model  cut 
from  a  new  quarry,  bearing  upon  its  features  novel- 
tv  and  usefulness  combined.  It  is  evidently  a  work 
o"f  labor,  and  one  that  must  have  higlily  taxed  the 
ingenuity  of  the  rhymer.  We  think  it  can  not  fail 
of  answering  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  designed, 


viz  :  of  giving  the  leading  features  of  Geography  a 
lasting  stamp  npon  the  memory.  But  aside  from 
the  poetry,  there  is  prose  enough  in  the  work  to 
amply  pay  its  extreme  cheap  price. — Clere.  True 


Dvn. 


•"A  BOOK  THAT  IS  A  BOOK." 

The  Poetical  Geography,  Inj  George  Van  Wa 
ters. — Too  much  cannot  be  said  in  favor  of  this  in 
teresting  publication.  It  is  certainly  a  curiosity  in 
literature.  A  composition  that  must  have  required 
a  patient,  plodding  brain  to  have  produced 
forms  a  complete  system  of  Geography,  containing 
all  the  capes,  rivers,  cities,  towns,  islands,  moun 
tains,  Ac.,  of  the  globe,  put  into  smooth  poetry, 
giving  the  locations  of  places,  and  for  what  they 
are  noted  and  distinguished.  Aside  from  the  mu 
sic  of  its  tfiuiint  rhymes,  its  leading  quality  appears 
to  be  its  midtum  in  yarto  :  its  comprehensiveness  ; 
so  much  tqld,  using  so  few  words— and  certainly 
one  important  point  in  literature  is  to  strip  it  of  its 
redundancies.  The  prose  part  seems  the  quintes- 
sence  of  the  sublime  and  wonderful  in  nature  and 
art,  as  -imposiag  natural  scenery,  mountain  peaks, 
volcanoes,  cataiacts,  celebrated  fabrics,  ruins,  an 
tiquities,  Ac. 

The  object  of  the  work,  is  to  aid  the  memory— 
on  the  principle  that  nothing  is  more  easy  to  learn 
and  remember  than  poetry,  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  few  tilings  are  more  difficult  than  hard  names 
and  locations. — Cleve.  Plain  Dealer. 


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